Nkeji 56: Barium

1. Okwu MmaliteBarium,
Ihe metal alkaline ụwa, nke nwere akara kemịkalụ Ba, dị na Group IIA nke oge nke isii nke tebụl oge. Ọ bụ a juu, ọlaọcha ọcha luster alkaline ụwa metal na kasị arụ ọrụ mmewere na alkaline ụwa ọla. Aha mmewere sitere na okwu Grik beta alpha ρύς (barys), nke putara “arọ”.

2, Ịchọta akụkọ mkpirikpi
Sulfide nke ala ala alkaline na-egosipụta phosphorescence, nke pụtara na ha na-aga n'ihu na-amụnye ìhè ruo oge ụfọdụ n'ọchịchịrị mgbe ekpughere ya na ìhè. Ogige Barium malitere ịdọta uche ndị mmadụ kpọmkwem n'ihi njirimara a. N’afọ 1602, otu onye na-akpụ akpụ akpụkpọ ụkwụ aha ya bụ Casio Lauro n’obodo Bologna dị n’Ịtali, gbakọtara barite nke nwere barium sulfate na ihe ndị na-ere ọkụ ma chọpụta na ọ pụrụ ime ka ìhè dị n’ọchịchịrị, bụ́ nke kpalitere mmasị ndị ọkà mmụta n’oge ahụ. Mgbe e mesịrị, a na-akpọ ụdị nkume a polonite ma kpalie mmasị nke ndị na-ahụ maka chemist Europe na nyocha nyocha. Na 1774, onye Sweden chemist CW Scheele chọpụtara na barium oxide bụ ala ọhụrụ dị arọ, nke ọ kpọrọ “Baryta” (ala dị arọ). Na 1774, Scheler kwenyere na nkume a bụ ngwakọta nke ala ọhụrụ (oxide) na sulfuric acid. N'afọ 1776, ọ kpọrọ nitrate dị ọkụ n'ala ọhụrụ a iji nweta ala dị ọcha (oxide). Na 1808, British chemist H. Davy ji mercury dị ka cathode na platinum dị ka anode to electrolyze barite (BaSO4) iji mepụta barium amalgam. Mgbe distillation iji wepụ mercury, enwetara metal dị ọcha ma kpọọ aha ya n'okwu Grik baris (arọ). Emebere akara mmewere dị ka Ba, nke a na-akpọbarium.

3. Anụ ahụ Njirimara
Bariumbụ ọla ọcha ọcha nke nwere ebe mgbaze nke 725 Celsius C, isi ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ nke 1846 Celsius C, njupụta nke 3.51g/cm3, yana ductility. Isi ọla nke barium bụ barite na arsenopyrite.

4,Bariumbụ ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ nwere akụrụngwa kemịkal.
Akara kemịkalụ Ba, nọmba atọm 56, bụ nke sistemu oge IIA otu ma bụrụ onye otu alkaline ụwa ọla. Barium nwere nnukwu ọrụ kemịkal yana ọ kacha arụ ọrụ n'etiti ọla ala alkaline. Site na ike na ike ionization, enwere ike ịhụ na barium nwere ike redicibility siri ike. N'ezie, ọ bụrụ naanị na-atụle mfu nke mbụ electron, barium nwere ike reducibility na mmiri. Agbanyeghị, ọ na-esiri barium ike ịhapụ elektrọn nke abụọ. Ya mere, n'ịtụle ihe niile, reducibility nke barium ga-ebelata nke ukwuu. Ka o sina dị, ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ọla ndị na-emeghachi omume na ngwọta acidic, nke abụọ na-esote lithium, cesium, rubidium, na potassium.

5.Main ogige
1). Barium oxide na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-eme ka ikuku ghọọ barium oxide, nke bụ kristal cubic na-enweghị agba. Soluble na acid, nke a na-apụghị ịsacha na acetone na mmiri amonia. Na-eji mmiri emeghachi omume iji mepụta barium hydroxide, nke na-egbu egbu. Mgbe ọkụ, ọ na-ekunye ire ọkụ na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ ma na-emepụta barium peroxide.
2). Barium peroxide na-emeghachi omume na sulfuric acid iji mepụta hydrogen peroxide. Mmeghachi omume a dabere na ụkpụrụ nke ịkwadebe hydrogen peroxide na ụlọ nyocha.
3). Barium hydroxide na-eji mmiri emeghachi omume iji mepụta barium hydroxide na hydrogen gas. N'ihi obere solubility nke barium hydroxide na ike ya dị elu, mmeghachi omume adịghị ike dị ka nke alkali ọla, na barium hydroxide ga-ekpuchi anya. A na-ewebata obere carbon dioxide n'ime ihe ngwọta iji mepụta barium carbonate precipitate, a na-ebutekwa oke carbon dioxide iji gbazee barium carbonate precipitate wee mepụta barium bicarbonate soluble.
4). Amino barium nwere ike igbari na mmiri mmiri amonia, na-emepụta ngwọta na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na paramagnetism na conductivity, nke na-emepụta amonia electrons. Mgbe ogologo oge nchekwa gasịrị, hydrogen dị na amonia ga-ebelata ka ọ bụrụ hydrogen gas site na amonia electrons, na ngụkọta mmeghachi omume bụ barium na-emeghachi omume na mmiri mmiri amonia iji mepụta amino barium na hydrogen gas.
5). Barium sulfite bụ kristal na-acha ọcha ma ọ bụ ntụ ntụ, na-egbu egbu, na-agbaze ntakịrị na mmiri, ma jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ na-agbanye n'ime barium sulfate mgbe etinye ya na ikuku. Gbarie n'ime acid siri ike na-adịghị oxidizing dị ka hydrochloric acid iji mepụta gas sulfur dioxide nwere isi ísì. Mgbe ị na-ezute acids oxidizing dị ka itughari nitric acid, enwere ike ịtụgharị ya na barium sulfate.
6). Barium sulfate nwere akụrụngwa kemịkalụ kwụsiri ike, na akụkụ nke barium sulfate gbazere na mmiri na-agbaze kpamkpam, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ electrolyte siri ike. Barium sulfate bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe na nitric acid. A na-ejikarị ya dị ka ihe na-akpata ọdịiche nke eriri afọ.
Barium carbonate na-egbu egbu na ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ ghara ịsacha ya na mmiri oyi. Ọ na-emeghachi omume na sodium sulfate iji mepụta ocha ọcha nke barium sulfate - mgbanwe mgbanwe n'etiti ihe ngwọta na mmiri mmiri: ọ dị mfe ịtụgharị gaa n'ụzọ na-adịghị edozi.

6. Ogige ngwa
1. A na-eji ya maka ebumnuche mmepụta ihe na mmepụta nke barium salts, alloys, fireworks, nuclear reactors, wdg Ọ bụkwa ihe magburu onwe deoxidizer maka refining ọla kọpa. A na-eji ya eme ihe na alloys, gụnyere lead, calcium, magnesium, sodium, lithium, aluminum, na nickel alloys. Enwere ike iji metal Barium mee ihe dị ka onye na-emepụta ihe iji wepụ gas na-esi na tubes na-ekpo ọkụ na cathode ray tubes, yana onye na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe maka ịmecha ọla. Barium nitrate agwakọta na potassium chlorate, magnesium ntụ ntụ, na rosin nwere ike iji rụpụta mgbama ọkụ na ọkụ. A na-ejikarị ogige barium soluble eme ihe dị ka ọgwụ ahụhụ, dị ka barium chloride, iji chịkwaa ụmụ ahụhụ dị iche iche nke osisi. A pụkwara iji ya mee ihe maka ịchacha brine na mmiri ọkụ maka mmepụta soda electrolytic caustic. A na-ejikwa ya maka ịkwadebe pigmenti. Ụlọ ọrụ akwa na akpụkpọ anụ na-eji ya eme ihe dị ka ihe eji eme ihe na ihe na-emepụta ihe maka silk artificial.
2. Barium sulfate maka ojiji ahụike bụ ọgwụ inyeaka maka nyocha X-ray. ntụ ntụ ọcha na-enweghị isi na enweghị ụtọ, ihe nwere ike inye ọdịiche dị mma na ahụ n'oge nyocha X-ray. A naghị etinye barium sulfate ọgwụ n'ime eriri afọ ma ghara ịkpata mmeghachi ahụ nfụkasị ahụ. Ọ naghị enwe ogige barium soluble dị ka barium chloride, barium sulfide, na barium carbonate. A na-eji ya eme ihe maka onyonyo eriri afọ, mgbe ụfọdụ maka ebumnuche nyocha ndị ọzọ

7. Usoro nkwadebe
The mmepụta mmepụta nkeọla bariumA na-ekewa ụzọ abụọ: mmepụta nke barium oxide na metal thermal mbelata (mbelata okpomọkụ aluminom). Na 1000-1200 ℃,ọla bariumenwere ike nweta ya site na ibelata barium oxide na aluminom dara, wee mee ka ọ dị ọcha site na mkpochapụ agụụ. Usoro mbelata okpomọkụ nke aluminom maka imepụta barium ọla: N'ihi oke ihe eji eme ihe dị iche iche, enwere ike inwe mmeghachi omume abụọ maka mbelata aluminum nke barium oxide. Usoro mmeghachi omume bụ: mmeghachi omume abụọ ahụ nwere ike ịmepụta obere barium na 1000-1200 ℃. Ya mere, a ga-eji mgbapụta na-ekpo ọkụ na-ebufe barium vapor na-aga n'ihu site na mpaghara mmeghachi omume na mpaghara condensation nke oyi ka mmeghachi omume wee gaa n'ihu na-aga n'aka nri. Ihe fọdụrụ mgbe mmeghachi omume ahụ na-egbu egbu na ọ dị mkpa ka a gwọọ ya tupu ebupụ ya