Aihe atụ nkịtị bụ na ọ bụrụ na mmanụ bụ ọbara nke ụlọ ọrụ, mgbe ahụ ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe bụ vitamin nke ụlọ ọrụ.
Ụwa dị ụkọ bụ mbiri nke otu ọla. Rare Earth Elements,REE) ka achọpụtala otu otu kemgbe ngwụcha narị afọ nke 18. Enwere ụdị REE iri na asaa, gụnyere 15 lanthanides na tebụl kemịkalụ oge-lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), na ndị ọzọ ugbu a, ọ nwere. A na-eji ya eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe dị ka ngwá electronic, petrochemicals na metallurgy. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ 3-5 ọ bụla, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nwere ike ịchọpụta ojiji ọhụrụ ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe, na otu n'ime ihe isii ọ bụla mepụtara enweghị ike ikewapụ ya na ụwa dị ụkọ.
China bara ụba na mineral ndị dị ụkọ n'ụwa, ọkwa mbụ n'ime ụwa atọ: nke mbụ na nchekwa akụ, na-aza ihe dịka 23%; Nsonaazụ bụ nke mbụ, na-aza 80% ruo 90% nke ngwa ahịa ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe; Olu ire ere bụ nke mbụ, yana 60% ruo 70% nke ngwaahịa ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe ebupụ na mba ofesi. N'otu oge ahụ, China bụ naanị mba nwere ike na-enye niile 17 iche iche nke obere ụwa ọla, karịsịa ọkara na arọ obere earths na pụtara agha use. China òkè bụ enviable.
Rbụ ụwa bụ ihe bara uru atụmatụ akụ, nke a maara dị ka "industrial monosodium glutamate" na "nne nke ọhụrụ ihe", na-eji n'ọtụtụ ebe na ọnwụ-ọnụ sayensị na nkà na ụzụ na agha ụlọ ọrụ. Dị ka Ministry of Industry and Information Technology si kwuo, ihe ndị na-arụ ọrụ dị ka magnet na-adịgide adịgide, luminescence, nchekwa hydrogen na catalysis aghọwo ihe dị mkpa maka ụlọ ọrụ dị elu dị ka mmepụta ngwá ọrụ dị elu, ike ọhụrụ na ụlọ ọrụ na-apụta. ọtụtụ ebe na-eji ngwá electronic, petrochemical ụlọ ọrụ, metallurgy, igwe, ọhụrụ ume, ìhè ụlọ ọrụ, gburugburu ebe obibi nchebe, ugbo na na. .
N'ihe dị ka 1983, Japan webatara usoro nchekwa nchekwa maka mineral ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe, na 83% nke ala anụ ụlọ ya sitere na China.
Leba anya na United States ọzọ, ihe nchekwa ụwa ya na-adịghị ahụkebe bụ nke abụọ na China, mana ala ya na-adịghị ahụkebe bụ ụwa niile na-adịghị ahụkebe, nke kewara n'ime ụwa dị arọ na-adịghị ahụkebe na ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe. Uwa dị arọ na-adịghị ahụkebe dị oke ọnụ, na ala ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe enweghị akụ na ụba nye nke m, nke ndị mmadụ na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ tụgharịrị ghọọ ala adịgboroja na-adịghị ahụkebe. 80% nke mbubata ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe nke US sitere na China.
Comrade Deng Xiaoping kwuru n'otu oge, sị: "Enwere mmanụ na Middle East na ụwa dị ụkọ na China." Ihe okwu ya pụtara pụtara onwe ya. Ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe abụghị naanị "MSG" dị mkpa maka ngwaahịa teknụzụ dị elu 1/5 n'ụwa, kamakwa ọ bụ nnukwu azụmahịa maka China na tebụl mkparịta ụka ụwa n'ọdịnihu. Chebe ma jiri nkà mmụta sayensị na-eji akụrụngwa ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe, ọ ghọwo atụmatụ mba nke ọtụtụ ndị nwere echiche dị elu na-achọ n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya iji gbochie akụ ụwa dị oke ọnụ ahịa na-adịghị ahụkebe ire ere na mbupụ na mba ọdịda anyanwụ. Na 1992, Deng Xiaoping kwuru n'ụzọ doro anya ọnọdụ China dị ka nnukwu mba ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe.
Ndepụta ojiji nke ụwa 17 dị ụkọ
A na-eji 1 lanthanum eme ihe na ihe nkiri alloy na ihe nkiri ugbo
A na-eji cerium eme ihe na iko ụgbọ ala
A na-eji 3 praseodymium eme ihe na pigmenti seramiiki
A na-eji Neodymium eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe na ihe ikuku ikuku
ájà 5 na-enye ike inyeaka maka satịlaịtị
Ngwa nke 6 Samarium na Atomic Energy Reactor
7 europium na-emepụta anya m na ngosipụta kristal mmiri
Gadolinium 8 maka onyonyo resonance magnetik
A na-eji 9 terbium eme ihe na nhazi nku ụgbọ elu
A na-eji 10 erbium mee ihe na laser rangefinder n'ihe gbasara agha
A na-eji 11 dysprosium mee ihe dị ka isi iyi ọkụ maka ihe nkiri na ibipụta
A na-eji 12 holmium mee ngwaọrụ nkwurịta okwu anya
A na-eji 13 thulium maka nyocha ụlọ ọgwụ na ọgwụgwọ etuto ahụ
14 ytterbium mgbakwunye maka ihe nchekwa kọmputa
Ngwa nke 15 lutium na teknụzụ batrị ike
16 yttrium na-eme ka wires na ike ụgbọ elu
A na-ejikarị Scandium eme alloys
Nkọwa bụ ndị a:
1
Lanthanum (LA)
Na Gulf War, abalị ọhụụ ngwaọrụ na obere ụwa elementrị lanthanum ghọrọ ihe karịrị isi iyi nke US tankị. The n'elu image na-egosi lanthanum chloride ntụ ntụ.(Maapụ data)
A na-ejikarị Lanthanum eme ihe na piezoelectric ihe, ihe electrothermal, thermoelectric ihe, magnetoresistive ihe, luminescent ihe (blue ntụ ntụ), hydrogen nchekwa ihe, ngwa anya iko, laser ihe, dị iche iche alloy ihe, etc.Lanthanum na-eji na catalysts maka nkwadebe nke Ọtụtụ ngwaahịa kemịkalụ organic, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị akpọwo lanthanum “super calcium” maka mmetụta ya na ihe ọkụkụ.
2
Cerium (CE)
Cerium nwere ike iji dị ka ihe na-akpali akpali, arc electrode na pụrụ iche glass.Cerium alloy na-eguzogide okpomọkụ dị elu na ike ga-eji mee ka jet propulsion akụkụ.(Maapụ data)
(1) Cerium, dị ka ihe mgbakwunye iko, nwere ike ịmịkọrọ ultraviolet na ụzarị infrared, ma ejiriwo ya mee ihe na iko ụgbọ ala.Ọ bụghị nanị na ọ na-egbochi ụzarị ultraviolet, kamakwa belata okpomọkụ n'ime ụgbọ ala ahụ, iji chekwaa ọkụ eletrik maka ikuku. conditioning.Ebe ọ bụ na 1997, a na-agbakwunye ceria na iko ụgbọ ala niile na Japan. N'afọ 1996, opekata mpe 2000 tọn ceria ji enyo ụgbọ ala, yana ihe karịrị tọn 1000 na United States.
(2) Ka ọ dị ugbu a, a na-eji cerium eme ihe na-eme ka ọ dị ọcha na-ekpochapụ ụgbọala, nke nwere ike igbochi nnukwu ikuku gas na-ekpocha ụgbọ ala n'ikuku. Oriri Cerium na United States bụ otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke mkpokọta oriri ụwa.
(3) A pụrụ iji cerium sulfide mee ihe na pigmenti kama ịbụ lead, cadmium na ọla ndị ọzọ na-emerụ ahụ gburugburu na ụmụ mmadụ. Enwere ike iji ya agba plastik, mkpuchi, ink na ụlọ ọrụ akwụkwọ. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ụlọ ọrụ na-eduga bụ French Rhone Planck.
(4) CE: Sistemụ laser LiSAF bụ laser steeti siri ike nke United States mepụtara. Enwere ike iji ya chọpụta ngwa agha na ọgwụ nje site na nyochaa mkpokọta tryptophan. A na-eji cerium eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ngwa ụwa niile na-adịghị ahụkebe nwere cerium. Dị ka ntụ ntụ polishing, ihe nchekwa hydrogen, ihe ọkụ ọkụ, cerium tungsten electrodes, seramiiki capacitors, piezoelectric ceramics, cerium silicon carbide abrasives, mmanụ ọkụ cell akụrụngwa, mmanụ ụgbọala catalysts, ụfọdụ ihe ndọta na-adịgide adịgide, alloy dị iche iche. ígwè na ọla ndị na-abụghị ígwè.
3
Praseodymium (PR)
Praseodymium neodymium alloy
(1) A na-eji Praseodymium eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe n'ịrụ ceramik na seramiki a na-eji kwa ụbọchị. Enwere ike ịgwakọta ya na seramiiki glaze iji mee ka agba na-egbuke egbuke, a pụkwara iji ya dị ka pigmenti n'okpuru glaze. Ụcha ahụ bụ odo odo na-acha ọcha na agba mara mma.
(2) A na-eji ya na-emepụta ihe ndọta na-adịgide adịgide. Iji praseodymium na neodymium metal dị ọnụ ala kama ịdị ọcha Neodymium metal na-eme ka ihe ndọta na-adịgide adịgide, nguzogide oxygen ya na ihe eji arụ ọrụ na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mma, a pụkwara ịhazi ya n'ime magnets nke ụdị dị iche iche. a na-ejikarị eme ihe na ngwa eletrọnịkị dị iche iche na moto.
(3) Ejiri ya na petroleum catalytic cracking. Enwere ike imeziwanye ọrụ, selectivity na nkwụsi ike nke onye na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mma site n'ịgbakwụnye praseodymium na neodymium na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mma n'ime Y zeolite molecular sieve iji kwadebe petroleum cracking catalyst.China malitere itinye n'ime ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na 1970s. na oriri na-abawanye.
(4) A pụkwara iji Praseodymium mee ihe maka polishing abrasive. Tụkwasị na nke a, a na-eji praseodymium eme ihe n'ọhịa eriri anya.
4
Neodymium (nd)
Kedu ihe kpatara a ga-eji buru ụzọ chọta tank M1? Ụgbọ mmiri ahụ nwere Nd: YAG laser rangefinder, nke nwere ike iru nso nke ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mita 4000 na ìhè ehihie.(Maapụ data)
Site na ọmụmụ praseodymium, neodymium malitere. Ọbịbịa nke neodymium mere ka ogige ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe rụọ ọrụ, rụọ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ọhịa ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe, ma metụta ahịa ụwa dị ụkọ.
Neodymium aghọwo ebe na-ekpo ọkụ n'ahịa ruo ọtụtụ afọ n'ihi ọnọdụ ya pụrụ iche n'ọhịa nke ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe. Onye kasị ukwuu nke neodymium metal bụ NdFeB ihe ndọta na-adịgide adịgide. Ọbịbịa nke NdFeB ndọta na-adịgide adịgide agbanyela ume ọhụrụ n'ime ubi teknụzụ dị elu nke ụwa. A na-akpọ ndọta NdFeB “eze nke ndọta na-adịgide adịgide” n'ihi ngwaahịa ike ndọta ya dị elu. A na-ejikarị ya na ngwa elektrọnik, igwe na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ maka ọmarịcha arụmọrụ ya. Ọganihu mmepe nke Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer na-egosi na ihe ndọta nke ndọta NdFeB na China abanyela n'ọkwa ụwa. A na-ejikwa Neodymium mee ihe na ihe ndị na-abụghị ígwè. Ịgbakwunye 1.5-2.5% neodymium n'ime magnesium ma ọ bụ aluminom alloy nwere ike ime ka arụmọrụ dị elu dị elu, ikuku ikuku na nguzogide corrosion nke alloy.A na-eji ya eme ihe dị ka ihe ikuku. Na mgbakwunye, neodymium-doped yttrium aluminom garnet na-emepụta obere ọkụ laser dị mkpụmkpụ, nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe na ịgbado ọkụ na ịkpụ ihe ndị dị mkpa na ọkpụrụkpụ n'okpuru 10mm na ụlọ ọrụ. N'ọgwụgwọ ahụike, Nd: YAG laser na-eji wepụ ịwa ahụ ma ọ bụ kpochapụ ọnya kama ikpochapụ. A na-ejikwa Neodymium maka iko agba na ihe seramiiki yana ihe mgbakwunye maka ngwaahịa rọba.
5
Trollium (Pm)
Thulium bụ ihe arụrụ arụ arụrụ arụ ọrụ nke ndị nrụpụta nuklia mepụtara (maapụ data)
(1) enwere ike iji dị ka isi iyi ọkụ. Nye ike inyeaka maka nchọpụta oghere na satịlaịtị artificial.
(2) Pm147 na-ewepụta ọkụ β-ray dị ala, nke enwere ike iji rụọ batrị cymbal. Dị ka ike ọkọnọ nke ngwa agha nduzi ngwá na clocks. Ụdị batrị a pere mpe ma nwee ike iji ya na-aga n'ihu ruo ọtụtụ afọ. Na mgbakwunye, a na-ejikwa promethium na ngwa X-ray enwere ike, nkwadebe nke phosphor, nha nha na oriọna mgbama.
6
Samarium (Sm)
Metal samarium (maapụ data)
Sm bụ ìhè edo edo, ọ bụkwa akụrụngwa nke Sm-Co magnet na-adịgide adịgide, na Sm-Co magnet bụ magnet mbụ ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe ejiri na ụlọ ọrụ. E nwere ụdị abụọ nke magnetik na-adịgide adịgide: SmCo5 usoro na Sm2Co17 usoro. Na mmalite 1970s, e mepụtara usoro SmCo5, na usoro Sm2Co17 ka emepụtara na oge ikpeazụ. Ugbu a, a na-ebute ihe ndị a na-achọrọ nke ikpeazụ. Ịdị ọcha nke samarium oxide eji na samarium cobalt magnet ekwesịghị ịdị elu. N'ịtụle na-eri, tumadi iji banyere 95% nke ngwaahịa. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, a na-ejikwa samarium oxide mee ihe na seramiiki capacitors na catalysts. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, samarium nwere ngwá agha nuklia, nke a pụrụ iji mee ihe dị ka ihe nhazi, ihe nchebe na ihe nchịkwa maka ndị na-emepụta ike nuklia, nke mere na enwere ike iji nnukwu ike nke sitere na fission nuklia mee ihe n'enweghị nsogbu.
7
Europium (Eu)
Europium oxide ntụ ntụ (maapụ data)
A na-ejikarị Europium oxide maka phosphor (maapụ data)
N'afọ 1901, Eugene-AntoleDemarcay chọtara ihe ọhụrụ sitere na "samarium", aha ya bụ Europium. A na-akpọ nke a n'aha okwu Europe. A na-ejikarị Europium oxide eme ihe maka ntụ ntụ fluorescent. A na-eji Eu3+ dị ka onye na-eme ka phosphor na-acha uhie uhie rụọ ọrụ, a na-ejikwa Eu2+ dị ka phosphor na-acha anụnụ anụnụ. Ugbu a Y2O2S:Eu3 + bụ phosphor kacha mma na arụmọrụ ọkụ, mkpuchi mkpuchi na ọnụ ahịa eji emegharị ihe. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, a na-eji ya eme ihe n'ihi mmụba nke teknụzụ dị ka imeziwanye arụmọrụ ọkụ na ọdịiche. A na-ejikwa Europium oxide mee ihe dị ka ihe na-akpali akpali phosphor maka usoro nyocha ahụike X-ray ọhụrụ n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya. A pụkwara iji Europium oxide mee ihe maka imepụta anya anya acha na ihe nzacha anya, maka ngwaọrụ nchekwa afụ magnetik, ọ nwekwara ike igosi talent ya na ihe njikwa, ihe mkpuchi na ihe nhazi nke ihe nrụpụta atomiki.
8
Gadolinium (Gd)
Gadolinium na isotopes ya bụ ndị na-amịpụta neutron kacha arụ ọrụ ma enwere ike iji ya mee ihe dị ka ndị na-egbochi ndị na-eme ihe ike nuklia. (maapụ data)
(1) Ihe mgbagwoju paramagnetic nke nwere ike ime ka mmiri dị mma nwere ike melite akara ngosi NMR nke ahụ mmadụ na ọgwụgwọ ahụike.
(2) Enwere ike iji sọlfọ oxide ya dị ka grid matrix nke tube oscilloscope na ihuenyo X-ray nwere nchapụta pụrụ iche.
(3) Gadolinium na Gadolinium Gallium Garnet bụ ezigbo otu mkpụrụ maka ebe nchekwa afụ.
(4) Enwere ike iji ya dị ka igwe nju oyi magnetik siri ike na-enweghị mmachi okirikiri Camot.
(5) A na-eji ya dị ka onye na-egbochi ya iji chịkwaa usoro mmeghachi omume nke ihe ọkụkụ nuklia iji hụ na nchekwa nke mmeghachi omume nuklia.
(6) A na-eji ya dị ka ihe mgbakwunye nke samarium cobalt magnet iji hụ na arụmọrụ adịghị agbanwe na okpomọkụ.
9
Terbium (Tb)
Terbium oxide ntụ ntụ (maapụ data)
Ngwa nke terbium na-agụnyekarị mpaghara teknụzụ dị elu, nke bụ ọrụ dị egwu nke nwere nkà na ụzụ na-arụ ọrụ na ihe ọmụma, yana ọrụ nwere uru akụ na ụba dị ịrịba ama, nwere atụmanya mmepe mara mma.
(1) A na-eji phosphors mee ihe dị ka ndị na-eme ka ntụ ntụ na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na tricolor phosphor, dị ka terbium-activated phosphate matrix, terbium-activated silicate matrix na terbium-activated cerium-magnesium aluminate matrix, nke niile na-ewepụta ìhè ndụ ndụ na steeti obi ụtọ.
(2) Magneto-optical ihe nchekwa ihe. N'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, terbium magneto-optical material erutela ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mmepụta ihe. A na-eji diski Magneto-optical discs mere nke ihe nkiri amorphous Tb-Fe dị ka ihe nchekwa kọmputa, na ikike nchekwa na-abawanye site na 10 ~ 15 ugboro.
(3) Magneto-optical iko, terbium-nwere Faraday rotatory iko bụ isi ihe maka n'ichepụta rotators, isolators na annulators nke ọtụtụ-eji na laser technology. Karịsịa, mmepe nke TerFenol emeghewo ngwa ọhụrụ nke Terfenol, nke bụ ihe ọhụrụ a chọpụtara na 1970. Ọkara nke alloy a nwere terbium na dysprosium, mgbe ụfọdụ na holmium na nke ọzọ bụ iron. Ames Laboratory bu ụzọ mepụta alloy na Iowa, USA. Mgbe a na-etinye Terfenol n'ime oghere magnetik, nha ya na-agbanwe karịa nke ihe ndọta nkịtị, nke nwere ike ime ka ụfọdụ mmegharị ahụ ziri ezi. Terbium dysprosium ígwè bụ tumadi eji sonar na mbụ, na ọtụtụ ebe na-eji n'ọtụtụ ubi na now.From mmanụ ụgbọala injection usoro, mmiri mmiri valvụ akara, Micro-ọkwa, na n'ibu actuators, usoro na nku regulators maka ụgbọelu ohere teliskop.
10
Dy (Dy)
Metal dysprosium (maapụ data)
(1) Dị ka ihe mgbakwunye nke NdFeB magnetik na-adịgide adịgide, na-agbakwunye ihe dịka 2 ~ 3% dysprosium na magnet a nwere ike imeziwanye ike mmanye ya. N'oge gara aga, ọchịchọ maka dysprosium adịghị nnukwu, ma na-arịwanye elu nke NdFeB magnets, ọ ghọrọ ihe mgbakwunye dị mkpa, na ọkwa ga-abụ ihe dịka 95 ~ 99.9%, na ọchịchọ ahụ mụbakwara ngwa ngwa.
(2) A na-eji dysprosium mee ihe dị ka onye na-arụ ọrụ nke phosphor. Trivalent dysprosium bụ ion na-ekwe nkwa ịgbalite ihe tricolor luminescent nwere otu etiti luminescent. Ọ tumadi mejupụtara abụọ emission bandeji, otu bụ odo ìhè emission, nke ọzọ bụ blue ìhè anwuru. Enwere ike iji ihe na-egbuke egbuke nke nwere dysprosium mee ihe dị ka phosphor tricolor.
(3) Dysprosium bụ ihe dị mkpa ígwè akụrụngwa maka ịkwadebe Terfenol alloy na magnetostrictive alloy, nke nwere ike ịghọta ụfọdụ kpọmkwem ọrụ nke n'ibu ije. (4) Enwere ike iji metal dysprosium mee ihe dị ka ihe nchekwa magneto-optical nwere nnukwu ndekọ ọsọ na ọgụgụ isi.
(5) A na-eji ya mee ihe na nkwadebe nke oriọna dysprosium, ihe na-arụ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na oriọna dysprosium bụ dysprosium iodide, nke nwere uru nke nchapụta dị elu, agba dị mma, nnukwu agba agba, obere nha, arc kwụsiri ike na ihe ndị ọzọ, ma jiri ya mee ihe. dị ka isi iyi ọkụ maka ihe nkiri na ibipụta.
(6) A na-eji Dysprosium tụọ ụdị ume ike neutron ma ọ bụ dị ka neutron absorber na ụlọ ọrụ ike atọm n'ihi nnukwu neutron ya na-ejide mpaghara mpaghara.
(7)Dy3Al5O12 nwekwara ike iji dị ka magnetik arụ ọrụ ihe maka magnetik refrigeration. Site na mmepe nke sayensị na teknụzụ, mpaghara ngwa nke dysprosium ga-aga n'ihu gbasaa ma gbasaa.
11
Holmium (Ho)
Ho-Fe alloy (maapụ data)
Ka ọ dị ugbu a, a na-emewanye mpaghara ngwa ngwa nke ígwè, na oriri adịghị oke ibu. Na nso nso a, Rare Earth Research Institute of Baotou Steel nakweere elu okpomọkụ na elu agụụ distillation technology, na mepụtara elu ịdị ọcha metal Qin Ho /> RE> 99.9% na ala ọdịnaya nke na-adịghị ụkọ ụwa adịghị.
Ugbu a, isi ihe eji akpọchi bụ:
(1) Dị ka ihe mgbakwunye nke metal halogen oriọna, metal halogen oriọna bụ ụdị gas na-agbapụta oriọna, nke a na-emepụta na ndabere nke elu-nrụgide mercury oriọna, na njirimara ya bụ na bọlbụ jupụtara dị iche iche obere ụwa halides. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, a na-ejikarị iodide ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe, nke na-ewepụta ahịrị dị iche iche mgbe gas na-agbapụta. Ihe na-arụ ọrụ a na-eji na oriọna ígwè bụ qiniodide, enwere ike nweta ntinye uche dị elu nke atom metal na mpaghara arc, si otú a na-eme ka arụmọrụ radieshon dịkwuo mma.
(2) Enwere ike iji ígwè dị ka ihe mgbakwunye maka ịdekọ ígwè ma ọ bụ ijeri aluminom garnet
(3) Khin-doped aluminum garnet (Ho: YAG) nwere ike ịpụta 2um laser, na ntinye nke 2um laser site na anụ ahụ mmadụ dị elu, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ iwu atọ dị elu karịa nke Hd: YAG. Ya mere, mgbe ị na-eji Ho: YAG laser maka ọrụ ahụike, ọ bụghị naanị imeziwanye arụmọrụ na izi ezi nke ọrụ, kamakwa ibelata ebe mmebi ọkụ na obere nha. Oghere efu na-emepụta site na kristal mkpọchi nwere ike iwepụ abụba n'ebughị oke ọkụ, Iji belata mmebi ọkụ nke anụ ahụ dị mma, a na-akọ na ọgwụgwọ w-laser nke glaucoma na United States nwere ike ibelata mgbu nke ịwa ahụ. nke 2um laser crystal na China eruola ọkwa mba ụwa, ya mere ọ dị mkpa ịzụlite na ịmepụta ụdị kristal laser.
(4) Enwere ike ịgbakwunye obere Cr na magnetostrictive alloy Terfenol-D iji belata mpaghara mpụga achọrọ maka magnetization saturation.
(5) Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, enwere ike iji ígwè doped fiber mee fiber laser, fiber amplifier, fiber sensor na ngwaọrụ nkwurịta okwu ngwa anya ndị ọzọ, nke ga-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na nkwurịta okwu ngwa ngwa ngwa anya nke taa.
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Erbium (ER)
Erbium oxide ntụ ntụ (akara ozi)
(1) Mgbapụta ọkụ nke Er3 + na 1550nm dị mkpa pụrụ iche, n'ihi na ogologo ogologo nke a dị na mfu kacha ala nke eriri anya na nkwurịta okwu eriri anya. Mgbe obi ụtọ 980nm na 1480nm ìhè, bait ion (Er3 +) transits si ala ala 4115/2 na elu-energy steeti 4I13 / 2. Mgbe Er3 + na elu-ike steeti mgbanwe azụ ala ala, ọ na-ebunye ọkụ 1550nm. Quartz eriri nwere ike ibunye ìhè nke dị iche iche wavelengths, Otú ọ dị, ngwa anya attenuation ọnụego nke 1550nm band bụ kasị ala (0.15 dB / km), nke fọrọ nke nta ka ala ịgba attenuation rate.Ya mere, ngwa anya ọnwụ nke ngwa anya eriri nkwurịta okwu bụ kacha nta mgbe. A na-eji ya mee ihe dị ka ìhè mgbaàmà na 1550 nm. N'ụzọ dị otú a, ọ bụrụ na a na-ejikọta ntinye nke bait kwesịrị ekwesị n'ime matrix kwesịrị ekwesị, amplifier nwere ike kwụọ ụgwọ mfu na sistemụ nkwukọrịta dị ka ụkpụrụ laser si dị, yabụ, na netwọkụ nkwukọrịta nke chọrọ ịgbatị mgbama ngwa anya 1550nm, bait doped fiber amplifier bụ ngwaọrụ ngwa anya dị mkpa. Ugbu a, bait doped silica fiber amplifier e commercialized.Ọ na-akọ na iji zere absorption na-abaghị uru, na doped ego na ngwa anya eriri bụ iri puku kwuru iri na otu narị ppm.The ngwa ngwa mmepe nke ngwa anya fiber nkwurịta okwu ga-emeghe ọhụrụ ngwa ubi. .
(2) (2) Na mgbakwunye, bait doped laser crystal na mmepụta 1730nm laser na laser 1550nm dị mma maka anya mmadụ, arụmọrụ ikuku dị mma, ikike ịbanye na anwụrụ ọkụ n'ọgbọ agha, nchekwa dị mma, ọ dịghị mfe ịchọpụta ya. onye iro, na ọdịiche nke radieshon nke ebumnuche ndị agha buru ibu. Emere ya ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-achọpụta ihe na-ebugharị laser nke dị mma maka anya mmadụ na iji agha.
(3) (3) Enwere ike itinye Er3 + n'ime iko iji mee ihe laser iko ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe, nke bụ ihe laser siri ike nke nwere ike nrụpụta kacha ukwuu na ike nrụpụta kacha elu.
(4) Er3 + nwekwara ike iji dị ka ion na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-adịghị ahụkebe.
(5) (5) Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, a pụkwara iji bait mee ihe maka ịchacha na agba nke iko iko na kristal kristal.
13
Thulium (TM)
Mgbe a gbasasịrị ya na igwe na-ahụ maka ngwa agha nuklia, thulium na-emepụta isotope nke nwere ike ibunye X-ray, nke enwere ike iji dị ka isi iyi X-ray enwere ike.(Maapụ data)
(1)TM a na-eji dị ka isi iyi nke igwe X-ray nwere ike ibugharị. Mgbe a gbasasịrị ya na reactor nuklia.TMna-emepụta ụdị isotope nke nwere ike ibunye X-ray, nke a pụrụ iji mee ka ikuku irradiator na-ebugharị. Ụdị rediometer a nwere ike ịgbanwe yu-169 n'imeTM-170 n'okpuru omume nke elu na etiti doo, na radiate X-ray ka irradiate ọbara na ibelata ọbara ọbara ọcha. Ọ bụ mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọcha ndị a na-eme ka a ghara ịmịnye akụkụ ahụ, ka o wee belata njụ mbụ nke akụkụ ahụ.
(2) (2)TMEnwere ike iji ya mee ihe na nyocha ụlọ ọgwụ na ọgwụgwọ ọrịa tumor n'ihi oke mmekọrịta ya maka anụ ahụ tumor, ụwa dị arọ na-adịghị ahụkebe bụ ihe dakọtara karịa ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe, karịsịa njikọ nke Yu bụ nke kasị ukwuu.
(3) (3) X-ray sensitizer Laobr: br (acha anụnụ anụnụ) na-eji dị ka activator na phosphor nke X-ray sensitization ihuenyo iji welie anya uche, si otú ibelata ikpughe na mmebi nke X-ray ụmụ mmadụ × Usoro ọgwụgwọ radieshon bụ 50%, nke nwere uru bara uru na ngwa ahụike.
(4) (4) Enwere ike iji oriọna halide metal dị ka mgbakwunye na isi iyi ọkụ ọhụrụ.
(5) (5) Tm3 + nwere ike tinye ya n'ime iko iji mee ihe na-adịghị ahụkebe ụwa iko laser ihe onwunwe, nke bụ ihe siri ike-ala laser ihe na kasị mmepụta usu na kasị elu mmepụta ike.Tm3 + nwekwara ike-eji dị ka ebighị ion. nke obere ụwa upconversion laser ihe.
14
Ytterbium (Yb)
Ytterbium metal (maapụ data)
(1) Dị ka thermal ikpuchi mkpuchi ihe. Nsonaazụ gosiri na mirror nwere ike melite corrosion iguzogide nke electrodeposited zinc mkpuchi doro anya, na ọka size nke mkpuchi na mirror bụ obere karịa nke mkpuchi na-enweghị mirror.
(2) Dị ka ihe magnetostrictive. Nke a ihe onwunwe nwere àgwà nke nnukwu magnetostriction, ya bụ, mgbasawanye na magnetik field. The alloy bụ tumadi esịnede mirror / ferrite alloy na dysprosium / ferrite alloy, na a ụfọdụ nkezi nke manganese na-agbakwunyere na-emepụta. nnukwu magnetostriction.
(3) Ihe enyo ejiri mee nha nrụgide. Nnwale na-egosi na mmetụta uche nke ihe enyo dị elu na oke nrụgide calibrated, nke na-emepe ụzọ ọhụrụ maka ntinye nke enyo na nha nrụgide.
(4) Ndochi dabere na resin maka oghere nke molars iji dochie amalgam ọlaọcha a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'oge gara aga.
(5) Ndị ọkà mmụta Japan emechaala nke ọma nkwadebe nke enyo-doped vanadium baht garnet agbakwunyere akara waveguide laser, nke dị oke mkpa maka mmepe teknụzụ laser ọzọ. Na mgbakwunye, a na-ejikwa enyo ahụ maka fluorescent powder activator, ceramics redio, ihe nchekwa kọmputa kọmputa (magnetic afụ) mgbakwunye, eriri eriri iko na mgbakwunye enyo anya, wdg.
15
Lutetium (Lu)
Lutetium oxide ntụ ntụ (maapụ data)
Yttrium lutium silicate crystal (maapụ data)
(1) mee ụfọdụ alloys pụrụ iche. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, enwere ike iji lutium aluminom alloy mee ihe maka nyocha ọrụ neutron.
(2) Lutium nuclides kwụsiri ike na-arụ ọrụ catalytic na mgbawa mmanụ ala, alkylation, hydrogenation na polymerization.
(3) Mgbakwunye nke yttrium ígwè ma ọ bụ yttrium aluminum garnet nwere ike imeziwanye ihe ụfọdụ.
(4) Raw ihe nke magnetik afụ nchekwa.
(5) kristal na-arụ ọrụ mejupụtara, lutium-doped aluminum yttrium neodymium tetraborate, bụ nke teknụzụ teknụzụ nke ngwọta nnu na-eme ka uto kristal dị jụụ. Nlele na-egosi na lutium-doped NYAB crystal dị elu karịa NYAB kristal n'ịdị n'otu anya na ịrụ ọrụ laser.
(6) Achọpụtara na lutetium nwere ike ngwa na ngosipụta electrochromic na obere akụkụ molecular semiconductor. Na mgbakwunye, a na-ejikwa lutium na teknụzụ batrị ike yana onye na-arụ ọrụ nke phosphor.
16
Yttrium (y)
A na-eji Yttrium eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe, yttrium aluminum garnet nwere ike iji dị ka ihe laser, yttrium iron garnet na-eji maka teknụzụ microwave na nnyefe ike ike, na europium-doped yttrium vanadate na europium-doped yttrium oxide na-eji dị ka phosphor maka agba TV sets. (maapụ data)
(1) Ihe mgbakwunye maka ígwè na ihe ndị na-abụghị ígwè. FeCr alloy na-enwekarị 0.5-4% yttrium, nke nwere ike ịkwalite nguzogide oxidation na ductility nke igwe anaghị agba nchara; Ngwongwo zuru oke nke MB26 alloy na-akawanye mma site n'ịgbakwunye oke yttrium-ọgaranya agwakọta obere ụwa, nke nwere ike dochie ụfọdụ alloys aluminom siri ike ma jiri ya mee ihe na-akpata nrụgide nke ụgbọ elu. Na-agbakwụnye ntakịrị ego nke yttrium-ọgaranya obere ụwa n'ime Al-Zr alloy, arụmọrụ nke alloy ahụ nwere ike imeziwanye; Ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ waya na China nakweere alloy ahụ. Ịtinye yttrium n'ime ọla kọpa na-eme ka conductivity na ike arụ ọrụ.
(2) Silicon nitride seramiiki ihe nwere 6% yttrium na 2% aluminum nwere ike iji mepụta akụkụ engine.
(3) The Nd: Y: Al: Garnet laser beam na ike nke 400 watts na-eji egwu egwu, bee na weld nnukwu components.
(4) Igwe microscope nke eletrọn nke mejupụtara Y-Al garnet otu kristal nwere nchapụta ọkụ dị elu, nnabata dị ala nke ọkụ gbasasịrị, yana ezigbo nguzogide okpomọkụ dị elu na nguzogide igwe.
(5) Akwa yttrium structural alloy nwere 90% yttrium nwere ike iji mee ihe na ụgbọ elu na ebe ndị ọzọ chọrọ njupụta dị ala na ebe mgbaze dị elu.
(6) Yttrium-doped SrZrO3 ihe na-eduzi proton dị elu, nke na-adọta mmasị dị ukwuu ugbu a, dị oke mkpa maka mmepụta nke mkpụrụ ndụ mmanụ, mkpụrụ ndụ electrolytic na gas sensọ chọrọ nnukwu hydrogen solubility. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, a na-ejikwa yttrium mee ihe dị ka ihe na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ, ihe na-eme ka mmanụ ọkụ atomiki, ihe mgbakwunye maka ihe magnetik na-adịgide adịgide, na onye na-abanye na ụlọ ọrụ eletrọnịkị.
17
Scandium (Sc)
Metal scandium (maapụ data)
E jiri ya tụnyere yttrium na lanthanide ọcha, scandium nwere obere radius ionic na obere alkalinity nke hydroxide na-adịghị ike. Ya mere, mgbe a na-agwakọta ihe ndị dị n'ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe ọnụ, scandium ga-ebu ụzọ mee ka a na-agwọ ya na amonia (ma ọ bụ alkali dị oke egwu), n'ihi ya, ọ ga-adị mfe ikewapụ ya na ihe ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe ụwa site na usoro nke "oke mmiri ozuzo". Ụzọ ọzọ bụ iji polarization decomposition nke nitrate maka nkewa. Scandium nitrate bụ ihe kacha mfe ire ere, si otú a na-enweta nzube nke nkewa.
Enwere ike nweta Sc site na electrolysis. A na-agbaze ScCl3, KCl na LiCl n'oge a na-edozi scandium, a na-ejikwa zinc a wụrụ awụ mee ihe dị ka cathode maka electrolysis, nke mere na scandium na-ebuli na zinc electrode, mgbe ahụ, a na-ekpochapụ zinc iji nweta scandium. Na mgbakwunye, a na-enweta ngwa ngwa scandium mgbe a na-ahazi ore iji mepụta uranium, thorium na ihe lanthanide. Mweghachi zuru oke nke scandium jikọtara site na tungsten na tin ore bụkwa otu n'ime isi mmalite nke scandium.Scandium bụ m.ainly na trivalent steeti na ogige, nke na-adị mfe oxidized n'ime Sc2O3 na ikuku na-atụfu ya dara luster na-atụgharị ghọọ ọchịchịrị isi awọ.
Isi ojiji nke scandium bụ:
(1) Scandium nwere ike meghachi omume na mmiri ọkụ iji hapụ hydrogen, ma na-agbaze na acid, ya mere ọ bụ ihe na-ebelata ike.
(2) Scandium oxide na hydroxide bụ naanị alkaline, mana ntụ nnu ya enweghị ike ịme mmiri. Scandium chloride bụ kristal na-acha ọcha, na-agbaze n'ime mmiri ma na-asọ oyi na ikuku. (3) Na ụlọ ọrụ metallurgical, a na-ejikarị scandium eme ihe alloys (ihe mgbakwunye nke alloys) iji meziwanye ike, ike ike, nkwụsị ọkụ na arụmọrụ nke alloys. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ịgbakwụnye obere scandium na ígwè a wụrụ awụ nwere ike imeziwanye ihe nkedo ígwè, ebe ịtinye obere scandium na aluminom nwere ike ime ka ike ya dịkwuo elu na nguzogide okpomọkụ.
(4) Na ụlọ ọrụ eletrọnịkị, enwere ike iji scandium dị ka ngwaọrụ semiconductor dị iche iche. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ntinye nke scandium sulfite na semiconductor adọtala uche n'ụlọ na mba ọzọ, na ferrite nwere scandium na-ekwekwa nkwa nakọmputa magnetik cores.
(5) N'ime ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ, a na-eji ngwakọta scandium eme ihe dị ka ihe na-eme ka mmanya na-egbu egbu na mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ, nke bụ ihe na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma maka mmepụta ethylene na chlorine site na mkpofu hydrochloric acid.
(6) N'ime ụlọ ọrụ iko, enwere ike ịmepụta iko pụrụ iche nwere scandium.
(7) N'ime ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik, Scandium na oriọna sodium mere nke scandium na sodium nwere uru nke arụmọrụ dị elu na agba ọkụ dị mma.
(8) Scandium dị n'ụdị 45Sc na okike. Na mgbakwunye, enwere isotopes redioaktivu itoolu nke Scandium, ya bụ 40 ~ 44Sc na 46 ~ 49Sc. N'ime ha, 46Sc, dị ka tracer, ejirila na ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ, metallurgy na oceanography. Na nkà mmụta ọgwụ, e nwere ndị mba ọzọ na-amụ iji 46Sc na-agwọ ọrịa cancer.
Oge nzipu: Jul-04-2022