Holmium, Atomiki nọmba 67, atomic arọ 164.93032, element aha ewepụtara na ebe ọmụmụ nke chọpụtara.
Ọdịnaya nkeholmiumna jikọrọ ọnụ bụ 0.000115%, na ọ dị ọnụ na ndị ọzọobere ụwa ọchana monazite na obere mineral mineral. Isotope kwụsiri ike sitere n'okike bụ naanị holmium 165.
Holmium kwụsiri ike na ikuku akọrọ na oxidizes ngwa ngwa na oke okpomọkụ;Holmium oxidemara na ọ nwere ihe paramagnetic kachasị ike.
Enwere ike iji ngwakọta nke holmium mee ihe dị ka ihe mgbakwunye maka ihe ọhụrụ ferromagnetic; A na-eji Holmium iodide emepụta oriọna halide metal -holium oriọna, na holium lasers na-ejikwa nke ọma na ngalaba ahụike.
Ịchọpụta akụkọ ihe mere eme
Chọpụtara ya: JL Soret, PT Cleve
Achọpụtara ya site na 1878 ruo 1879
Usoro nchọpụta: JL Soret chọpụtara na 1878; PT Cleve chọtara ya na 1879
Mgbe Mossander kewapụrụ erbium ụwa naterbiumụwa siyttriumụwa na 1842, ọtụtụ ndị na-ahụ maka kemịkalụ jiri nyocha nyocha anya wee chọpụta na ha abụghị oxides dị ọcha nke ihe mmewere, nke gbara ndị chemist ume ka ha gaa n'ihu na-ekewapụ ha. Mgbe ekewasị ytterbium oxide nascandium oxideSite na oxidized bait, Cliff kewara oxides ọhụrụ abụọ na 1879. A na-akpọ otu n'ime ha Holmium iji mee ememe ncheta ebe ọmụmụ Cliff, aha Latin oge ochie Holmia na Stockholm, Sweden, nke nwere akara ngosi Ho. Na 1886, Bouvabadrand kewapụrụ ihe ọzọ na holmium, mana aha holmium ka edobere. Site na nchoputa nke holmium na ihe ndi ozo di nkpa nke uwa, ogbo ozo nke nchoputa nke ato nke ihe ndi ozo di n'uwa ka emechaala.
Nhazi eletrọnịkị:
Nhazi eletrọnịkị:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f11
Ọ bụ ọla nke, dị ka dysprosium, nwere ike ịmịnye neutrons nke fission nuklia mepụtara.
N'ebe a na-emepụta ngwá ọrụ nuklia, n'otu aka, a na-eme ka ọkụ na-aga n'ihu, na n'aka nke ọzọ, a na-achịkwa ọsọ nke mmeghachi omume yinye.
Nkọwa ihe: Ike ionization mbụ bụ 6.02 volts eletrọn. Nwee ọmarịcha ọla. Ọ nwere ike jiri mmiri jiri nwayọ meghachi omume ma gbazee na acid dilute. Nnu na-acha odo odo. Oxide Ho2O2 bụ ìhè akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ. Gbarie n'ime acids ịnweta iji mepụta nnu odo odo trivalent.
Isi mmalite: kwadebere site na mbenata holium fluoride HoF3 · 2H2O na calcium.
Ọla
Holmium bụ ọla ọcha na-acha ọcha nke nwere udidi dị nro na ductility; Ebe mgbaze 1474 ° C, ebe esi esi 2695 ° C, njupụta 8.7947 g / cm holmium mita ³.
Holmium kwụsiri ike na ikuku akọrọ na oxidizes ngwa ngwa na oke okpomọkụ; A maara Holmium oxide ka ọ nwere njirimara paramagnetic kachasị ike.
Inweta ogige ndị nwere ike iji dị ka ihe mgbakwunye maka ihe ọhụrụ ferromagnetic; Holmium iodide eji na-emepụta oriọna halide metal - oriọna holmium
Ngwa
(1) Dị ka ihe mgbakwunye maka oriọna halide metal, oriọna halide metal bụ ụdị oriọna na-agbapụta gas nke emepụtara na-adabere na oriọna mercury dị elu, nke e ji ejupụta bọlbụ ahụ nwere ụdị halides dị iche iche na-adịghị ahụkebe. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, isi ihe eji eme ihe bụ iodide ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe, nke na-ewepụta agba dị iche iche dị iche iche n'oge mwepụ gas. Ihe na-arụ ọrụ nke a na-eji na oriọna holmium bụ holmium iodide, nke nwere ike nweta nnukwu atom nke ígwè na mpaghara arc, na-eme ka arụmọrụ radieshon dịkwuo mma.
(2) Enwere ike iji Holmium dị ka ihe mgbakwunye maka ígwè yttrium ma ọ bụ yttrium aluminum garnet.
(3) Ho: YAG doped yttrium aluminom garnet nwere ike igbanye 2 μ M laser, anụ ahụ mmadụ na 2 μ Ọnụ ọgụgụ absorption nke m laser dị elu, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ iwu atọ dị elu karịa nke Hd: YAG. Ya mere, mgbe ị na-eji Ho: YAG laser maka ịwa ahụ ahụike, ọ bụghị nanị na a ga-eme ka arụmọrụ na izi ezi nke ịwa ahụ dịkwuo mma, kamakwa ebe mmebi okpomọkụ nwere ike belata ka ọ dị ntakịrị. Oghere efu nke kristal holmium na-emepụta nwere ike iwepụ abụba n'ebughị oke okpomọkụ, si otú ahụ belata mmebi okpomọkụ na anụ ahụ dị mma. A na-akọ na ọgwụgwọ laser holmium maka glaucoma na United States nwere ike ibelata ihe mgbu nke ndị ọrịa na-awa ahụ. China 2 μ Ogo nke kristal m laser eruola ọkwa mba ụwa, na ekwesịrị ime mgbalị iji mepụta na imepụta ụdị kristal laser a.
(4) Na magnetostrictive alloy Terfenol D, a pụkwara ịgbakwunye obere holmium iji belata oghere dị n'èzí chọrọ maka saturation magnetization nke alloy.
(5) Ojiji nke holmium doped fiber nwere ike ime ngwaọrụ nkwurịta okwu anya dị ka fiber lasers, fiber amplifiers, na fiber sensọ, nke ga-ekere òkè dị mkpa na mmepe ngwa ngwa nke nkwurịta okwu fiber optic taa.
(6) Teknụzụ Holmium laser lithotripsy: Medical holmium laser lithotripsy dabara adaba maka akụrụ akụrụ siri ike, okwute urethra, na okwute eriri afo nke enweghị ike ịgbaji site na extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. Mgbe ị na-eji ọgwụ holmium laser lithotripsy, eriri dị gịrịgịrị nke laser holmium laser na-eji rute eriri afo, ureter na akụrụ ozugbo site na urethra na ureter site na cystoscope na ureteroscope. Mgbe ahụ, ndị ọkachamara na-ahụ maka urology na-emegharị laser holmium iji gbajie nkume. Uru nke usoro ọgwụgwọ laser holmium a bụ na ọ nwere ike dozie okwute urethra, okwute eriri afo, na ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu nke nkume akụrụ. Ihe ọghọm dị na ya bụ na maka ụfọdụ okwute dị na elu na obere renal calices, enwere ike ịnwe obere okwute fọdụrụnụ n'ihi enweghị ike nke eriri laser holmium na-abanye na ureter ruo ebe nkume ahụ.
Oge nzipu: Ọgọst-16-2023