Terbiumso na udi nke ala dị oke ụkọ, nke nwere oke dị ala na eriri ụwa na naanị 1.1 ppm.Terbium oxidebụ ihe na-erughị 0.01% nke ụwa niile na-adịghị ahụkebe. Ọbụlagodi n'ụdị yttrium ion dị elu ụdị ọla obere ụwa nke nwere ọdịnaya kachasị elu nke terbium, ọdịnaya terbium bụ naanị 1.1-1.2% nke mkpokọta.obere ụwa, na-egosi na ọ bụ nke "mara mma" udi nkeobere ụwaihe. Ruo ihe karịrị 100 afọ kemgbe achọpụtara terbium na 1843, ụkọ ya na uru ya egbochila itinye ya n'ọrụ ruo ogologo oge. Ọ bụ naanị n'ime afọ 30 gara aga katerbiumegosila talent ya pụrụ iche.
Ịchọpụta akụkọ ihe mere eme
Ọkà mmụta ọgwụ onye Sweden bụ Carl Gustaf Mosander chọpụtara terbium na 1843. Ọ chọpụtara adịghị ọcha ya nayttrium oxidenaY2O3. Yttriuma na-akpọ aha obodo Itby na Sweden. Tupu mmalite nke teknụzụ mgbanwe ion, terbium anọghị n'ụdị ya dị ọcha.
Mossander nke mbụ kewarayttrium oxiden'ime akụkụ atọ, ha niile aha ya bụ ore:yttrium oxide, erbium oxide, naterbium oxide. Terbium oxidena mbụ mejupụtara akụkụ pink, n'ihi mmewere nke a maara ugbu a dị kaerbium. Erbium oxide(gụnyere ihe anyị na-akpọ terbium ugbu a) bụ akụkụ nke enweghị agba na mbụ. A na-ewere oxide na-adịghị edozi nke mmewere a na-acha aja aja.
Mgbe e mesịrị, o siiri ndị ọrụ ike ịhụ obere ihe na-enweghị agba "erbium oxide", ma akụkụ pink soluble enweghị ike ileghara anya. The arụmụka banyere ịdị adị nkeerbium oxideapụtala ugboro ugboro. Na ọgba aghara ahụ, a gbanwere aha mbụ ahụ na mgbanwe nke aha na-arapara n'ahụ, n'ihi ya, e mesịrị kwuo akụkụ pink dị ka ngwọta nwere erbium (na ngwọta, ọ bụ pink). A kwenyere ugbu a na ndị ọrụ na-eji sodium disulfide ma ọ bụ potassium sulfate wepụ cerium dioxide siyttrium oxidetụgharịa n'amaghị amaterbiumn'ime cerium nwere precipitates. A maara ugbu a dị ka'terbium', naanị ihe dịka 1% nke mbụyttrium oxidedị ugbu a, mana nke a zuru oke iji nyefee agba odo na-acha ọkụyttrium oxide. Ya mere,terbiumbụ akụkụ nke abụọ nke nwere ya na mbụ, ndị agbata obi ya na-achịkwa ya,gadoliniumnadysprosium.
Mgbe ahụ, mgbe ọ bụla ọzọobere ụwaE kewapụrụ ihe ndị a na ngwakọta a, n'agbanyeghị oke nke oxide, aha terbium na-edobe ruo n'ikpeazụ, oxide aja aja nke.terbiumenwetara n'ụdị dị ọcha. Ndị na-eme nchọpụta na narị afọ nke 19 ejighị ultraviolet fluorescence technology iji hụ na-acha odo odo ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nodules (III), na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe ka a mata terbium na ngwakọta ma ọ bụ ngwọta siri ike.
Nhazi elektrọn
Nhazi eletrọnịkị:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f9
Nhazi eletrọnịkị nketerbiumbụ [Xe] 6s24f9. Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, ọ bụ naanị elektrọn atọ ka enwere ike iwepụ tupu ụgwọ nuklia abawanyela nke ukwuu ka a ga-emekwu ya. Otú ọ dị, n'ihe banyereterbium, ọkara jupụtaraterbiumna-enye ohere maka ionization ọzọ nke electron nke anọ na ọnụnọ nke oxidant siri ike dị ka fluorine gas.
Ọla
Terbiumbụ ọla ọcha na-acha ọcha ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe nke nwere ductility, siri ike na ịdị nro nke enwere ike iji mma bee. Ebe mgbaze 1360 ℃, esi esi 3123 ℃, njupụta 8229 4kg/m3. E jiri ya tụnyere ihe mbụ lanthanide, ọ kwụsiri ike na ikuku. Ihe nke iteghete nke ihe ndị lanthanide, terbium, bụ ọla a na-ebubo nke ukwuu nke na-eji mmiri emeghachi omume iji mepụta hydrogen gas.
N'okike,terbiumachọpụtabeghị na ọ bụ mmewere efu, dị na obere nha na phosphorous cerium thorium ájá na silicon beryllium yttrium ore.Terbiumna-ebikọ ọnụ na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ụkọ n'ụwa na ájá monazite, yana ọdịnaya terbium n'ozuzu ya bụ 0.03%. Ebe ndị ọzọ gụnyere yttrium phosphate na ọla edo na-adịghị ahụkebe, nke abụọ bụ ngwakọta nke oxides nwere ihe ruru 1% terbium.
Ngwa
Ngwa nketerbiumukwuu n'ime na-agụnye elu-tech ubi, nke bụ nkà na ụzụ kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ na ihe ọmụma kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ ọnwụ-ọnụ oru ngo, nakwa dị ka oru ngo nwere ịrịba uru akụ na ụba, na-adọrọ mmasị mmepe atụmanya.
Mpaghara ngwa ngwa gụnyere:
(1) A na-eji ya n'ụdị agwakọta obere ụwa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-eji ya dị ka fatịlaịza ngwakọta ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe na ntinye nri maka ọrụ ugbo.
(2) Activator maka akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ ntụ ntụ na atọ isi fluorescent powders. Ngwa ngwa optoelectronic nke oge a chọrọ iji agba atọ bụ isi nke phosphor, ya bụ ọbara ọbara, akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, na acha anụnụ anụnụ, nke enwere ike iji mepụta agba dị iche iche. Naterbiumbụ ihe dị mkpa dị mkpa n'ọtụtụ ntụ ntụ ntụ ntụ ndụ ndụ dị elu.
(3) Ejiri ya dị ka ihe nchekwa ihe anya magneto. Amorphous metal terbium mgbanwe metal alloy mkpa ihe nkiri ejirila rụpụta diski magneto ngwa anya dị elu.
(4) Imepụta magneto optical glass. Iko ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe nke Faraday nwere terbium bụ ihe dị mkpa maka imepụta rotators, ndị na-ekewapụta, na ndị na-ekesa na teknụzụ laser.
(5) Mmepe na mmepe nke terbium dysprosium ferromagnetostrictive alloy (TerFenol) emeghewo ngwa ọhụrụ maka terbium.
Maka ọrụ ugbo na ịzụ anụmanụ
Ụwa dị ụkọterbiumnwere ike imeziwanye ogo nke ihe ọkụkụ ma mee ka ọnụọgụ photosynthesis dịkwuo elu n'ime oke ịta ahụhụ. Ihe mgbagwoju anya nke terbium nwere nnukwu ọrụ ndu, yana ogige ternary nketerbium, Tb (Ala) 3BenIm (ClO4) 3-3H2O, nwere ezigbo antibacterial na bactericidal mmetụta na Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, na Escherichia coli, na nnukwu-dị iche iche antibacterial Njirimara. Ọmụmụ nke ogige ndị a na-enye ntụzịaka nyocha ọhụrụ maka ọgwụ nje nje nke ọgbara ọhụrụ.
Ejiri ya n'ọhịa nke luminescence
Ngwa ngwa optoelectronic nke oge a chọrọ iji agba atọ bụ isi nke phosphor, ya bụ ọbara ọbara, akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, na acha anụnụ anụnụ, nke enwere ike iji mepụta agba dị iche iche. Na terbium bụ ihe dị mkpa dị mkpa n'ọtụtụ ntụ ntụ na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ dị elu. Ọ bụrụ na ọmụmụ ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe TV uhie fluorescent ntụ ntụ kpalitere ọchịchọyttriumnaeuropium, mgbe ahụ ngwa na mmepe nke terbium akwalitewo site na obere ụwa atọ bụ isi agba green fluorescent ntụ ntụ maka oriọna. Na mbido 1980s, Philips chepụtara oriọna fluorescent mbụ kọmpat na-azọpụta ike ma kwalite ya ngwa ngwa n'ụwa niile. Tb3+ ions nwere ike iwepụta ìhè akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na ogologo ogologo nke 545nm, yana ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụwa niile na-adịghị ahụkebe na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ fluorescent powders.terbium, dị ka activator.
The green fluorescent ntụ ntụ na-eji maka agba TV cathode ray tubes (CRTs) na-abụkarị dabere na ọnụ ala zinc sulfide na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma, mana terbium ntụ ntụ a na-ejikarị eme ihe dị ka ntụ ntụ ntụ ntụ ntụ TV, dị ka Y2SiO5: Tb3+, Y3 (Al, Ga) 5O12: Tb3+, na LaOBr: Tb3+. Site na mmepe nke nnukwu onyonyo onyonyo dị elu (HDTV), a na-emepụtakwa ntụ ntụ na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ dị elu maka CRT. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, e mepụtala ngwakọ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ fluorescent ntụ ntụ na mba ofesi, nke gụnyere Y3 (Al, Ga) 5O12: Tb3+, LaOCl: Tb3+, na Y2SiO5: Tb3+, nke nwere ezigbo luminescence arụmọrụ na njupụta dị ugbu a.
Uzuzu fluorescent X-ray ọdịnala bụ calcium tungstate. N'afọ ndị 1970 na 1980, e mepụtara ntụ ntụ fluorescent nke ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe maka ihuenyo nghọta, dị ka.terbiumLanthanum sulfide oxide na-arụ ọrụ, terbium na-arụ ọrụ lanthanum bromide oxide (maka ihuenyo akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ), na terbium na-arụ ọrụ yttrium sulfide oxide. E jiri ya tụnyere calcium tungstate, obere fluorescent ntụ ntụ nwere ike ibelata oge X-ray irradiation maka ndị ọrịa site na 80%, meziwanye mkpebi nke ihe nkiri X-ray, gbasaa ndụ nke tubes X-ray, ma belata oriri ume. A na-ejikwa Terbium dị ka onye na-arụ ọrụ ntụ ntụ fluorescent maka ihuenyo nkwalite X-ray ahụike, nke nwere ike imeziwanye nghọta nke ntụgharị X-ray n'ime ihe oyiyi anya, na-eme ka ihe nkiri X-ray pụta ìhè, ma na-ebelata ikpughe nke X-ray. ụzarị ọkụ na ahụ mmadụ (karịa 50%).
Terbiuma na-ejikwa ya dị ka onye na-eme ihe na-acha ọcha LED phosphor nwere obi ụtọ site na ọkụ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ maka ọkụ ọkụ semiconductor ọhụrụ. Enwere ike iji ya na-emepụta terbium aluminum magneto optical crystal phosphor, na-eji diodes na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-egbuke egbuke dị ka ihe ọkụ ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ, na ọkụ ọkụ na-emepụta na-ejikọta ya na ọkụ ọkụ ọkụ iji mepụta ìhè ọcha dị ọcha.
Ihe electroluminescent nke sitere na terbium gụnyere zinc sulfide green fluorescent powder withterbiumdị ka activator. N'okpuru ultraviolet irradiation, organic complexes nke terbium nwere ike na-ekupụta ike green fluorescence na ike ga-eji dị ka mkpa film electroluminescent ihe. Ọ bụ ezie na enweela ọganihu dị ukwuu na ọmụmụ iheobere ụwaorganic mgbagwoju electroluminescent mkpa fim, a ka nwere ụfọdụ ọdịiche si practicality, na nnyocha na obere ụwa organic mgbagwoju electroluminescent mkpa fim na ngwaọrụ ka na omimi.
A na-ejikwa njirimara fluorescence nke terbium mee ihe dị ka nyocha fluorescence. A mụrụ mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ofloxacin terbium (Tb3+) complex na deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) site na iji fluorescence na absorption spectra, dị ka nyocha nke fluorescence nke ofloxacin terbium (Tb3+). Nsonaazụ gosiri na nke ofloxacin Tb3+ probe nwere ike ịmepụta oghere na-ejikọta ya na mkpụrụ ndụ DNA, na deoxyribonucleic acid nwere ike ịkwalite fluorescence nke usoro ofloxacin Tb3+. Dabere na mgbanwe a, deoxyribonucleic acid nwere ike ikpebi.
Maka ngwa anya magneto
Ihe ndị nwere mmetụta Faraday, nke a makwaara dị ka ihe magneto-optical, na-ejikarị na lasers na ngwaọrụ ndị ọzọ anya. E nwere ụdị ihe abụọ a na-ahụkarị nke magneto: magneto optical crystals na magneto optical glass. N'ime ha, kristal magneto-optical (dị ka yttrium iron garnet na terbium gallium garnet) nwere uru nke oge ọrụ na-agbanwe agbanwe na nkwụsi ike dị elu, ma ha dị oke ọnụ ma sie ike ịmepụta. Na mgbakwunye, ọtụtụ kristal magneto-optical nwere akụkụ ntụgharị Faraday dị elu nwere nnabata dị elu na oke ebili mmiri dị mkpụmkpụ, nke na-egbochi ojiji ha. E jiri ya tụnyere magneto optical crystals, magneto optical glass nwere uru nke nnyefe dị elu ma dị mfe ịme ka ọ bụrụ nnukwu ngọngọ ma ọ bụ eriri. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, iko magneto-optical nwere mmetụta Faraday dị elu bụ enyo enyo doped ion na-adịghị ahụkebe.
A na-eji maka ihe nchekwa anya magneto
N'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, site na mmepe ngwa ngwa nke mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi na akpaaka ụlọ ọrụ, ọchịchọ maka diski ike magnetik ọhụrụ na-abawanye. Amorphous metal terbium mgbanwe metal alloy mkpa ihe nkiri ejirila rụpụta diski magneto ngwa anya dị elu. N'ime ha, ihe nkiri TbFeCo alloy thin film nwere arụmọrụ kacha mma. Terbium dabeere na magneto-optical ihe na-emepụta na nnukwu ọnụ ọgụgụ, na magneto-optical discs mere na ha na-eji dị ka ihe nchekwa kọmputa, na ike nchekwa na-abawanye site 10-15 ugboro. Ha nwere uru nke nnukwu ikike na ngwa ngwa ịnweta ọsọ ọsọ, a pụkwara ihichapụ ma kpuchie ọtụtụ iri puku ugboro mgbe ejiri ya maka diski ngwa anya dị elu. Ha bụ ihe dị mkpa na teknụzụ nchekwa ozi eletrọnịkị. Ihe magneto-optical a na-ejikarị eme ihe na eriri infrared a na-ahụ anya na nso nso bụ Terbium Gallium Garnet (TGG) otu kristal, nke bụ ihe kacha mma magneto-optical maka ịme Faraday rotators na isolators.
Maka enyo anya magneto
Faraday magneto optical glass nwere ezigbo nghọta na isotropy na mpaghara a na-ahụ anya na infrared, ma nwee ike ịmepụta ụdị mgbagwoju anya dị iche iche. Ọ dị mfe ịmepụta ngwaahịa buru ibu ma nwee ike ịdọrọ ya n'ime eriri anya. Ya mere, ọ nwere atụmanya ngwa sara mbara na ngwaọrụ magneto ngwa anya dị ka magneto optical isolators, magneto optical modulators, na eriri optic ugbu a sensọ. N'ihi nnukwu oge magnetik ya na obere ọnụọgụ nnabata na nso a na-ahụ anya na infrared, Tb3+ion aghọwo ion ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe na enyo anya magneto.
Terbium dysprosium ferromagnetostrictive alloy
Na njedebe nke narị afọ nke 20, na mmụba nke teknụzụ ụwa na-aga n'ihu, ihe ọhụrụ ngwa ngwa ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe na-apụta ngwa ngwa. N'afọ 1984, Mahadum Iowa State, Ames Laboratory nke Ngalaba Ike US, na US Navy Surface Weapons Research Center (nke ndị isi ọrụ nke Edge Technology Corporation (ET REMA) mechara bịa) jikọrọ aka mepụta ọhụụ ọhụrụ. ihe nwere ọgụgụ isi ụwa, ya bụ terbium dysprosium ferromagnetic magnetostrictive ihe. Ihe ọhụrụ a nwere ọgụgụ isi nwere àgwà magburu onwe ya nke na-agbanwe ike eletrik ngwa ngwa n'ime ike ígwè ọrụ. A na-ahazi ndị transducers nke dị n'okpuru mmiri na electro-acoustic nke nnukwu ihe magnetostrictive a na-eme nke ọma na ngwá ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri, ndị na-ekwu okwu ọma nke mmanụ, ụzụ na usoro njikwa mkpọtụ, na nchọpụta oké osimiri na usoro nkwurịta okwu n'okpuru ala. Ya mere, ozugbo amuru terbium dysprosium iron nnukwu ihe magnetostrictive, ọ nwetara nlebara anya zuru oke site na mba ndị mepere emepe gburugburu ụwa. Edge Teknụzụ dị na United States malitere imepụta terbium dysprosium iron ibu magnetostrictive ihe na 1989 wee kpọọ ha Terfenol D. E mesịa, Sweden, Japan, Russia, United Kingdom, na Australia mekwara terbium dysprosium iron nnukwu magnetostrictive ihe.
Site n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmepe nke ihe a na United States, ma mmepụta nke ihe na ngwa ngwa monopolistic mbụ ya metụtara ụlọ ọrụ agha (dị ka ndị agha mmiri). Ọ bụ ezie na ndị agha China na ngalaba nchekwa na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-ewusi nghọta ha banyere ihe a. Agbanyeghị, site na mmụba dị ịrịba ama nke ike mba China zuru oke, ọchịchọ maka inweta atụmatụ asọmpi ndị agha narị afọ nke 21 na ịkwalite ọkwa akụrụngwa ga-adị ngwa ngwa. Ya mere, ojiji nke terbium dysprosium iron nnukwu magnetostrictive ihe ndị agha na ngalaba nchekwa mba ga-abụ ihe dị mkpa n'akụkọ ihe mere eme.
Na nkenke, ọtụtụ ndị magburu onwe Njirimara nketerbiummee ka ọ bụrụ onye dị mkpa nke ọtụtụ ihe eji arụ ọrụ yana ọnọdụ na-enweghị atụ na mpaghara ngwa ụfọdụ. Otú ọ dị, n'ihi ọnụ ahịa terbium dị elu, ndị mmadụ na-amụ otú ha ga-esi zere na ibelata ojiji nke terbium iji belata ụgwọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ihe magneto-optical nke ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe kwesịkwara iji ọnụ ala dị ọnụ aladysprosium ígwècobalt ma ọ bụ gadolinium terbium cobalt dị ka o kwere mee; Gbalịa ibelata ọdịnaya nke terbium na ntụ ntụ fluorescent ndụ ndụ nke a ga-ejirịrị. Ọnụ ahịa aghọwo ihe dị mkpa na-egbochi ojiji zuru ebe niileterbium. Ma ọtụtụ ihe na-arụ ọrụ enweghị ike ime na-enweghị ya, n'ihi ya, anyị ga-agbaso ụkpụrụ nke "iji ezigbo ígwè na agụba" ma gbalịa ichekwa ihe eji eme ihe.terbiumdị ka o kwere mee.
Oge nzipu: Ọktoba 25-2023