Ytterbium: nọmba atomic 70, atomic arọ 173.04, aha mmewere ewepụtara site na ebe nchoputa ya. Ọdịnaya nkeytterbiumna jikọrọ ọnụ bụ 0.000266%, tumadi ugbu a na phosphorite na nwa obere edo edo edo, ebe ọdịnaya na monazite bụ 0.03%, na 7 eke isotopes.
Ịchọpụta akụkọ ihe mere eme
Achọpụtara ya: Marinak
Afọ: 1878
Ọnọdụ: Switzerland
Na 1878, ndị Switzerland chemists Jean Charles na G Margnac chọtara ihe ọhụrụ ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe na "erbium". Na 1907, Ulban na Weils kwuru na Marignac kewara ngwakọta nke lutium oxide na ytterbium oxide. N'ebe nchekwa nke obere obodo a na-akpọ Yteerby dị nso na Stockholm, bụ ebe a chọtara yttrium ore, aha ọhụrụ a bụ Ytterbium nwere akara Yb.
Nhazi elektrọn
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14
Ọla
Metallic ytterbiumbụ ọlaọcha isi awọ, ductile, ma nwee udidi dị nro. N'ebe okpomọkụ dị n'ime ụlọ, ytterbium nwere ike iji nwayọọ nwayọọ mee ka ikuku na mmiri mee ya.
Enwere ihe owuwu kristal abụọ: α- Ụdị ahụ bụ sistemu kristal cubic nwere ihu (ọnụ ụlọ okpomọkụ -798 ℃); β- Ụdị ahụ bụ cubic ahụ gbadoro ụkwụ (n'elu 798 ℃) lattice. Ebe mgbaze 824 ℃, ebe na-esi esi 1427 ℃, njupụta ikwu 6.977 (α- Ụdị), 6.54 (β- Ụdị).
Na-adịghị edozi na mmiri oyi, soluble na acid na mmiri mmiri amonia. Ọ kwụsiri ike na ikuku. Dị ka samarium na europium, ytterbium bụ nke na-agbanwe agbanwe valence rare earth, yana nwekwara ike ịnọ na ọnọdụ divalent dị mma na mgbakwunye na ọ na-abụkarị trivalent.
N'ihi njirimara valence a na-agbanwe agbanwe, nkwadebe nke metallic ytterbium ekwesịghị ime site na electrolysis, kama site na mbelata distillation usoro maka nkwadebe na ịdị ọcha. Ọtụtụ mgbe,lanthanum metalA na-eji ya dị ka onye na-ebelata mbelata distillation, tinye n'ọrụ dị iche n'etiti elu vapor mgbali nke ytterbium metal na ala vapor mgbali nke lanthanum metal. N'aka nke ọzọ,thulium, ytterbium, nalutiumenwere ike iji ntinye uche mee ihe dị ka akụrụngwa, yana lanthanum metal nwere ike iji dị ka ihe na-ebelata. N'okpuru elu okpomọkụ agụụ ọnọdụ nke>1100 ℃ na <0.133Pa, metal ytterbium nwere ike ozugbo amịpụtara site Mbelata distillation. Dị kasamariumnaeuro,Enwere ike ikewapụ ytterbium ma sachaa ya site na mbelata mmiri mmiri. Ọtụtụ mgbe, a na-eji thulium, ytterbium, na lutetium concentrates eme ihe dị ka akụrụngwa. Mgbe mgbasa, ytterbium na-ebelata ka ọ bụrụ ọnọdụ dị iche iche, na-ebute nnukwu ọdịiche dị na akụrụngwa, wee kewapụ ya na ala ndị ọzọ na-adịghị ahụkebe. A na-arụkarị mmepụta nke ytterbium oxide dị ọcha site na mmịpụta chromatography ma ọ bụ usoro mgbanwe ion.
Ngwa
Eji maka imepụta alloys pụrụ iche.Ytterbium alloysetinyere ya na ọgwụ eze maka nnwale ọla na kemịkalụ.
N'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ytterbium apụtala ma mepụta ngwa ngwa n'ọhịa nke nkwukọrịta fiber optic na teknụzụ laser.
Site na iwu na mmepe nke "okporo ụzọ ozi", netwọk kọmputa na usoro mgbasa ozi fiber optic nke dị anya na-enwewanye ihe ndị dị elu chọrọ maka ịrụ ọrụ nke ihe eji eme ihe na-eji na nkwurịta okwu anya. Ytterbium ion, n'ihi na ha magburu onwe spectral Njirimara, nwere ike iji dị ka eriri amplification ihe maka ngwa anya nkwurịta okwu, dị ka.erbiumnathulium. Ọ bụ ezie na erbium na-adịghị ahụkebe nke ụwa ka bụ isi ihe na-eme na nkwadebe nke amplifiers fiber, erbium-doped quartz fibers nwere obere uru bandwit (30nm), na-eme ka ọ sie ike izute ihe achọrọ maka mgbasa ozi dị elu na ike dị elu. Yb3+ ions nwere akụkụ ngafe buru ibu karịa Er3+ion gburugburu 980nm. Site na mmetụta uche nke Yb3 + na nnyefe ike nke erbium na ytterbium, ọkụ 1530nm nwere ike ịkwalite nke ukwuu, si otú a na-eme ka mmụba nke ìhè dịkwuo elu.
N'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, erbium ytterbium co doped phosphate glass na-enwewanye mmasị site n'aka ndị nchọpụta. Igwefoto phosphate na fluorophosphate nwere ezigbo kemịkalụ na nkwụsi ike ọkụ, yana mgbasa ozi infrared sara mbara yana njirimara ịgbasawanye nke na-abụghị otu, na-eme ka ha bụrụ ihe dị mma maka brọdband na nnukwu uru erbium-doped amplification fiber glass. Yb3 + doped fiber amplifiers nwere ike nweta nkwalite ike na obere mgbaama mgbaama, na-eme ka ha dabara maka mpaghara dịka sensọ fiber optic, nkwurịta okwu laser ohere efu, yana mmụba ultra mkpụmkpụ. China arụla ikike otu ọwa kachasị n'ụwa ugbu a yana sistemụ mgbasa ozi ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa, ma nwee okporo ụzọ ozi kachasị agbasa n'ụwa. Ytterbium doped na ihe ndị ọzọ na-adịghị ahụkebe ụwa doped fiber amplifiers na ihe laser na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa ma dị mkpa na ha.
A na-ejikwa njirimara ytterbium dị iche iche dị ka ihe laser dị elu, ma dị ka kristal laser, iko laser, na laser fiber. Dị ka ihe laser dị elu, ytterbium doped laser crystals etolitela nnukwu usoro, gụnyere ytterbium doped.yttrium aluminumgarnet (Yb: YAG), ytterbium dopedgadoliniumgallium garnet (Yb: GGG), ytterbium doped calcium fluorophosphate (Yb: FAP), ytterbium doped strontium fluorophosphate (Yb: S-FAP), ytterbium doped yttrium vanadate (Yb: YV04), ytterbium doped borate, na silicate. Semiconductor laser (LD) bụ ụdị mgbapụta ọhụrụ maka laser steeti siri ike. Yb: YAG nwere ọtụtụ njirimara dabara adaba maka ịgbapụta LD dị elu ma bụrụ ihe eji eme ihe laser maka ịgbapụta LD dị elu. Yb: Enwere ike iji kristal S-FAP mee ihe dị ka ihe eji eme ihe laser maka ngwakọta nuklia laser n'ọdịnihu, nke dọtara mmasị ndị mmadụ. Na kristal laser a na-emegharị emegharị, enwere chromium ytterbium holmium yttrium aluminium gallium garnet (Cr, Yb, Ho: YAGG) nwere ogologo ogologo ogologo sitere na 2.84 ruo 3.05 μ na-agbanwe agbanwe n'etiti m. Dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ si kwuo, ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime infrared warheads eji na ngwa agha gburugburu ụwa na-eji 3-5 μ Ya mere, mmepe nke Cr, Yb, Ho: YSGG lasers nwere ike inye nnyonye anya dị irè maka n'etiti infrared eduzi ngwá agha countermeasures, na nwere mkpa agha dị mkpa. China enwetala usoro ohuru ohuru site na ọkwa di elu nke mba uwa na ytterbium doped laser crystals (Yb: YAG, Yb: FAP, Yb: SFAP, wdg), na-edozi teknụzụ isi dị ka uto kristal na ngwa ngwa laser, pulse, na-aga n'ihu, na mmepụta mmepụta. E tinyela nsonaazụ nyocha ahụ na nchekwa mba, ụlọ ọrụ na injinịa sayensị, na ngwaahịa ytterbium doped kristal ebupụla n'ọtụtụ mba na mpaghara dịka United States na Japan.
Akụkụ ọzọ bụ isi nke ihe laser ytterbium bụ iko laser. E mepụtala ugegbe laser dị iche iche dị elu nke na-eku ume, gụnyere germanium tellurite, silicon niobate, borate, na phosphate. N'ihi ịdị mfe nke ịkpụzi iko, enwere ike ịme ya n'ọtụtụ buru ibu ma nwee njirimara dị ka nnyefe ọkụ dị elu na ịdị n'otu dị elu, na-eme ka o kwe omume ịmepụta lasers dị elu. Ugogbe laser ụwa nke a na-amachaghị nke ọma na-abụkarịneodymiumiko, nke nwere akụkọ mmepe nke ihe karịrị afọ 40 na mmepụta tozuru oke na teknụzụ ngwa. Ọ bụbu ihe kachasị amasị maka ngwaọrụ laser dị elu ma jiri ya mee ihe na ngwa nnwale nke ngwa agha nuklia na ngwa agha laser. Ngwá ọrụ laser dị elu wuru na China, nke gụnyere laserneodymiumiko dị ka isi laser ọkara, eruwo ụwa elu larịị. Mana iko laser neodymium ugbu a na-eche ihe ịma aka siri ike ihu site na iko laser ytterbium.
N'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ọmụmụ egosiwo na ọtụtụ ihe onwunwe nke laser ytterbium iko karịrị nkeneodymiumiko. N'ihi n'eziokwu na ytterbium doped luminescence nwere naanị ike abụọ, nchekwa nchekwa ike dị elu. N'otu uru ahụ, iko ytterbium nwere arụmọrụ nchekwa ike ugboro 16 dị elu karịa iko neodymium, yana ogologo ndụ fluorescence ugboro 3 nke iko neodymium. Ọ nwekwara uru dị ka itinye uche doping dị elu, bandwidth absorption, na semiconductor nwere ike ịgbanye ya ozugbo, na-eme ka ọ dị mma maka lasers ike dị elu. Agbanyeghị, ngwa bara uru nke iko laser ytterbium na-adaberekarị na enyemaka nke neodymium, dị ka iji Nd3 + dị ka ihe mmetụta iji mee ka iko laser ytterbium na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ okpomọkụ na μ Laser emission na-enweta na m wavelength. Ya mere, ytterbium na neodymium bụ ndị asọmpi na ndị mmekọ ọnụ na ngalaba nke iko laser.
Site n'ịgbanwe ihe mejupụtara iko ahụ, enwere ike imeziwanye ọtụtụ ihe na-egbuke egbuke nke iko laser ytterbium. Site na mmepe nke lasers ike dị elu dị ka isi ntụziaka, a na-ejikarị lasers nke ytterbium laser iko eme ihe na ụlọ ọrụ ọgbara ọhụrụ, ọrụ ugbo, nkà mmụta ọgwụ, nchọpụta sayensị, na ngwa agha.
Ojiji agha: Iji ike sitere na ngwakọta nuklia dị ka ike na-abụkarị ihe mgbaru ọsọ a na-atụ anya ya, na imezu njikọ nuklia a na-achịkwa ga-abụ ụzọ dị mkpa maka ụmụ mmadụ iji dozie nsogbu ike. Igwe laser nke Ytterbium doped na-aghọ ihe kachasị amasị maka iji nweta nkwalite inertial confinement fusion (ICF) na narị afọ nke 21 n'ihi ọmarịcha ọrụ laser ya.
Ngwá agha Laser na-eji ike dị ukwuu nke ọkụ laser gbuo ma bibie ebumnuche, na-emepụta okpomọkụ nke ijeri degrees Celsius ma na-awakpo ozugbo na ọsọ ọkụ. Enwere ike ịkpọ ha dị ka Nadana ma nwee nnukwu egbu egbu, ọkachasị dabara adaba maka usoro ngwa ọgụ ikuku ọgbara ọhụrụ na agha. Ịrụ ọrụ dị mma nke ytterbium doped laser glass emeela ka ọ bụrụ ihe dị mkpa maka ịmepụta ngwá agha laser dị elu na nke dị elu.
Fiber laser bụ teknụzụ ọhụrụ na-emepe emepe ngwa ngwa ma bụrụkwa nke mpaghara ngwa enyo laser. Fiber laser bụ laser nke na-eji eriri eme ihe dị ka usoro laser, nke bụ ngwaahịa nke ngwakọta nke eriri na teknụzụ laser. Ọ bụ teknụzụ laser ọhụrụ emepụtara na teknụzụ erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA). Ihe mejupụtara laser fiber bụ nke semiconductor laser diode dị ka isi iyi mgbapụta, eriri optic waveguide na ihe na-enweta uru, yana akụrụngwa ngwa anya dị ka eriri grating na njikọ. Ọ dịghị achọ nhazi nhazi nke ụzọ anya, na usoro ahụ bụ kọmpat ma dị mfe ijikọta. N'iji ya na lasers steeti siri ike nke ọdịnala na lasers semiconductor, ọ nwere uru teknụzụ na arụmọrụ dị ka ogo beam dị elu, nkwụsi ike dị mma, nkwụsi ike siri ike na nnyonye anya gburugburu ebe obibi, enweghị mgbanwe, enweghị mmezi, yana nhazi kọmpat. N'ihi na eziokwu na ion doped bụ tumadi Nd+3, Yb+3, Er+3, Tm+3, Ho+3, ndị niile na-eji obere ụwa emep uta eri dị ka uru mgbasa ozi, na fiber laser mepụtara nke ụlọ ọrụ nwekwara ike. a ga-akpọ laser eriri ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe.
Ngwa Laser: High power ytterbium doped double clad fiber laser aghọwo ebe dị ọkụ na teknụzụ laser siri ike nke mba ụwa n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya. Ọ nwere uru nke ịdị mma beam dị mma, nhazi kọmpat, yana arụmọrụ ngbanwe dị elu, ma nwee atụmanya ngwa sara mbara na nhazi ụlọ ọrụ na mpaghara ndị ọzọ. Ugboro abụọ kpuchiri eriri ytterbium doped dabara adaba maka mgbapụta laser semiconductor, yana arụmọrụ njikọ dị elu yana ike mmepụta laser dị elu, yana ụzọ mmepe nke ytterbium doped fibers. Teknụzụ ytterbium doped fiber nke China enwekwaghị ike na ọkwa mba ọzọ dị elu. The ytterbium doped fiber, double clad ytterbium doped fiber, na erbium ytterbium co doped fiber mepụtara na China erutela ọkwa dị elu nke ngwaahịa mba ọzọ yiri nke a n'ihe gbasara arụmọrụ na ntụkwasị obi, nwere uru dị ọnụ ahịa, ma nwee teknụzụ ikike ikike maka ọtụtụ ngwaahịa na ụzọ. .
Ụlọ ọrụ laser IPG a ma ama n'ụwa na-ekwupụta n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na usoro ytterbium doped fiber laser ha ọhụrụ ewepụtara nwere njirimara beam dị mma, ndụ mgbapụta nke karịrị awa 50000, ogologo ikuku nke 1070nm-1080nm, yana ike mmepụta ihe ruru 20KW. A na-etinye ya n'ọrụ ịgbado ọkụ dị mma, ịcha, na mkpọpu nkume.
Ihe laser bụ isi na ntọala maka mmepe teknụzụ laser. A na-ekwukarị na ụlọ ọrụ laser na 'otu ọgbọ nke ihe, otu ọgbọ nke ngwaọrụ'. Iji zụlite ngwaọrụ laser dị elu na nke bara uru, ọ dị mkpa ibu ụzọ nweta ihe laser dị elu ma jikọta teknụzụ ndị ọzọ dị mkpa. Ytterbium doped laser crystals na laser glass, dị ka ike ọhụrụ nke siri ike laser ihe, na-akwalite ọhụrụ mmepe nke fiber optic nkwurịta okwu na laser technology, karịsịa na mbepụ ọnụ teknụzụ laser dị ka elu-ike nuklia fusion lasers, elu-ike iti. tile lasers, na ngwa agha lasers dị elu.
Na mgbakwunye, a na-ejikwa ytterbium mee ihe dị ka onye na-eme ntụ ntụ fluorescent, ceramik redio, ihe mgbakwunye maka ihe nchekwa kọmpụta eletrọnịkị (afụ magnetik), na mgbakwunye enyo anya. Okwesiri igosita na yttrium na yttrium bu ihe abuo nke uwa na-adighi nma. N'agbanyeghị na enwere nnukwu ọdịiche dị na aha Bekee na akara mmewere, mkpụrụedemede ụda olu China nwere otu mkpụrụ okwu. N'ụfọdụ ntụgharị asụsụ Chinese, a na-akpọ yttrium mgbe ụfọdụ n'ụzọ hiere ụzọ dị ka yttrium. N'okwu a, anyị kwesịrị ịchọta ederede izizi wee jikọta akara mmewere iji kwado ya.
Oge nzipu: Sep-13-2023