Scandium, nke nwere akara element Sc na nọmba Atomic nke 21, na-agbaze ngwa ngwa n'ime mmiri, nwere ike iji mmiri ọkụ na-emekọrịta ihe, na-agba ọchịchịrị na ikuku. Isi valence ya bụ +3. A na-ejikọta ya na gadolinium, erbium, na ihe ndị ọzọ, na-enwe obere mkpụrụ na ọdịnaya nke ihe dịka 0.0005% na eriri. A na-ejikarị Scandium emepụta iko pụrụ iche na alloys dị elu nke okpomọkụ.
Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ihe ndị a na-ahụ anya nke scandium n'ụwa bụ naanị 2 nde tọn, 90 ~ 95% nke dị na Bauxite, phosphorite na ígwè titanium ores, na obere akụkụ na uranium, thorium, tungsten na obere ala ala, tumadi. ekesara na Russia, China, Tajikistan, Madagascar, Norway na mba ndị ọzọ. China bara ụba nke ukwuu na akụrụngwa scandium, nwere nnukwu ịnweta mineral metụtara scandium. Dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ na-ezughị ezu si kwuo, ihe nchekwa nke scandium na China dị ihe dị ka tọn 600000, nke dị na Bauxite na phosphorite nkwụnye ego, porphyry na quartz vein tungsten na South China, obere ụwa nkwụnye ego na South China, Bayan Obo obere ala ígwè ore nkwụnye ego na South China. N'ime Mongolia, na Panzhihua vanadium titanium magnetite nkwụnye ego na Sichuan.
N'ihi ụkọ scandium, ọnụ ahịa scandium dịkwa oke ọnụ, na n'oge ọ kacha elu, ọnụ ahịa scandium gbagoro okpukpu iri karịa ọnụ ahịa ọla edo. Ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ahịa scandium adaala, ọ ka ji okpukpu anọ karịa ọnụ ahịa ọla edo!
Ịchọpụta akụkọ ihe mere eme
N'afọ 1869, Mendeleev hụrụ ọdịiche dị na oke atọm n'etiti calcium (40) na titanium (48), ma buru amụma na e nwekwara ihe dị n'etiti atomic mass element ebe a. O buru amụma na oxide ya bụ X ₂ O Å. Achọpụtara Scandium na 1879 site na Lars Frederik Nilson nke Mahadum Uppsala na Sweden. O si n’ebe a na-egwupụta ọla edo na-adịghị ahụkebe, bụ́ ọla dị mgbagwoju anya nke nwere ụdị ọla 8 dị n’ime ya. O weputaraErbium (III) oxidesite na ọla edo na-adịghị ahụkebe, wee nweta yaYtterbium (III) oxidesite na oxide a, ma enwere oxide ọzọ nke ihe ọkụ ọkụ, nke ụdịdị ya na-egosi na ọ bụ ọla a na-amaghị. Nke a bụ metal nke Mendeleev buru amụma, onye oxide bụSc₂O₃. A na-emepụta ígwè scandium n'onwe ya site naScandium chlorideSite na mgbaze electrolytic na 1937.
Mendeleev
Nhazi elektrọn
Nhazi eletrọnị: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d1
Scandium bụ ọla ngbanwe dị nro, ọla ọcha nwere ebe mgbaze nke 1541 ℃ na ebe esi mmiri nke 2831 ℃.
Ruo ogologo oge ka achọpụtara ya, a naghị egosipụta iji scandium n'ihi ihe isi ike ya na mmepụta ya. Site na mmụba na-abawanyewanye nke ụzọ nkewa ihe nke ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe, enwere ugbu a usoro tozuru oke maka ime ka ogige scandium dị ọcha. N'ihi na scandium dị obere alkaline karịa yttrium na Lanthanide, hydroxide bụ nke na-esighị ike, yabụ, a ga-ekewapụta ihe mejupụtara ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe nke nwere scandium na ihe ndị dị ụkọ n'ụwa site na usoro “nzọụkwụ mmiri ozuzo” mgbe Scandium (III) hydroxide na-eji amonia agwọ ya. na-ebufe n'ime ngwọta. Ụzọ ọzọ bụ ikewapụ Scandium nitrate site Polar decomposition of nitrate. N'ihi na scandium nitrate kacha mfe ire ere, a pụrụ ikewasị scandium. Na mgbakwunye, mgbake zuru oke nke scandium na-eso ya site na uranium, thorium, tungsten, tin na ihe ndị ọzọ ịnweta mineral bụkwa isi iyi nke scandium.
Mgbe ọ nwetasịrị ngwakọta scandium dị ọcha, a na-atụgharị ya ka ọ bụrụ ScCl Å wee gbazee ya na KCl na LiCl. A na-eji zinc a wụrụ awụ mee ihe dị ka cathode maka electrolysis, na-eme ka scandium na-ebuli na electrode zinc. Mgbe ahụ, a na-ekpochapụ zinc iji nweta scandium dara. Nke a bụ ọla ọcha ọla ọcha dị fechaa nke nwere akụrụngwa kemịkalụ na-arụsi ọrụ ike, nke nwere ike iji mmiri ọkụ meghachi omume iji mepụta gas hydrogen. Ya mere, igwe scandium ị na-ahụ na foto a na-emechi na karama ma chebe ya na argon gas, ma ọ bụghị ya, scandium ga-eme ngwa ngwa na-etolite akwa oxide na-acha odo odo ma ọ bụ isi awọ, na-efunahụ ya na-egbuke egbuke dara.
Ngwa
Ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ
Ojiji nke scandium gbadoro ụkwụ na ntụzịaka na-egbuke egbuke, ọ bụghịkwa ikwubiga okwu ókè ịkpọ ya Ọkpara nke Ìhè. A na-akpọ ngwá agha anwansi mbụ nke scandium, nke a na-akpọ Scandium sodium lamp, nke a pụrụ iji mee ka ìhè nye ọtụtụ puku ezinụlọ. Nke a bụ ọkụ halide igwe eletrik: bọlbụ ahụ jupụtara na Sodium iodide na Scandium triiodide, a na-agbakwunye scandium na sodium foil n'otu oge. N'oge mwepu voltaji dị elu, ion scandium na ion sodium n'otu n'otu na-ekupụta ìhè nke ogologo ikuku n'ime njirimara ha. The spectral ahịrị nke sodium bụ 589.0 na 589.6 nm, abụọ a ma ama odo ọkụ, ebe spectral ahịrị nke scandium bụ 361.3 ~ 424.7 nm, usoro nso ultraviolet na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-emissions. N'ihi na ha na-emeju ibe ha, agba ọkụ n'ozuzu a na-emepụta bụ ìhè ọcha. Ọ bụ kpọmkwem n'ihi na Scandium sodium oriọna nwere àgwà nke elu luminous arụmọrụ, ezi ìhè agba, ike ịzọpụta, ogologo ndụ ndụ, na ike foogu na-agbaji ikike na ha nwere ike ọtụtụ-eji maka telivishọn ese foto, n'ámá, egwuregwu venues, na okporo ụzọ ọkụ. ma mara ya dị ka isi iyi ọkụ ọgbọ nke atọ. Na China, a na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ kwalite ụdị oriọna a dị ka teknụzụ ọhụrụ, ebe na mba ụfọdụ mepere emepe, a na-eji ụdị oriọna a mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe na mmalite 1980s.
Ngwá agha anwansi nke abụọ nke scandium bụ sel fotovoltaic nke anyanwụ, nke nwere ike ịnakọta ìhè gbasasịrị n'ala ma mee ka ọ ghọọ ọkụ eletrik iji chụpụ ọha mmadụ. Scandium bụ ihe mgbochi kachasị mma na metal insulator semiconductor silicon sel anyanwụ na sel anyanwụ.
Ngwá agha anwansi ya nke atọ ka a na-akpọ γ A ray source, ngwa anwansi a nwere ike na-egbukepụ egbukepụ n'onwe ya, mana ụdị ọkụ a enweghị ike ịnata site na anya gba ọtọ, ọ bụ foton ọkụ na-agba ọsọ. Anyị na-ewepụtakarị 45Sc site na mineral, nke bụ naanị isotopes eke nke scandium. Nucleus 45Sc nke ọ bụla nwere protons 21 na neutron 24. 46Sc, isotope redioaktivu arụrụ arụ, enwere ike iji dị ka γ isi mmalite radieshon ma ọ bụ atom tracer nwekwara ike iji maka ọgwụgwọ redio nke etuto ọjọọ. Enwekwara ngwa dị ka yttrium gallium scandium garnet laser,Scandium fluorideenyo infrared Optical fiber, na scandium mkpuchi cathode ray tube na telivishọn. Ọ dị ka a mụrụ scandium na nchapụta.
Ụlọ ọrụ alloy
A na-eji Scandium n'ụdị elementrị ya mee ihe maka doping aluminum alloys. Ọ bụrụhaala na a na-agbakwunye puku kwuru puku ole na ole nke scandium na aluminom, a ga-emepụta usoro Al3Sc ọhụrụ, nke ga-arụ ọrụ Metamorphism na alloy aluminum ma mee ka nhazi na ihe onwunwe nke alloy gbanwee nke ọma. Na-agbakwụnye 0.2% ~ 0.4% Sc (nke yiri n'ezie na nha nke ịgbakwunye nnu iji kpalite akwụkwọ nri e ghere eghe n'ụlọ, ọ bụ naanị ntakịrị ihe achọrọ) nwere ike ime ka okpomọkụ recrystallization nke alloy dịkwuo elu site na 150-200 ℃, ma mee ka elu dịkwuo elu. -ike okpomọkụ, nkwụsi ike nhazi, ịrụ ọrụ ịgbado ọkụ, yana nguzogide corrosion. Ọ nwekwara ike zere ihe mgbagwoju anya nke dị mfe ime n'oge ọrụ ogologo oge na okpomọkụ dị elu. Akwa ike na elu siri ike aluminum alloy, ọhụrụ elu-ike corrosion-eguzogide weldable aluminum alloy, ọhụrụ elu-okpomọkụ aluminum alloy, elu-ike neutron irradiation eguzogide aluminum alloy, wdg, nwere nnọọ mma mmepe atụmanya na aerospace, ụgbọ elu, ụgbọ mmiri, ngwa agha nuklia, ụgbọ ala ọkụ na ụgbọ oloko na-agba ọsọ.
Scandium bụkwa ihe ngbanwe dị mma maka ígwè, na ntakịrị ihe nke scandium nwere ike imeziwanye ike na ike nke ígwè nkedo. Na mgbakwunye, a pụkwara iji scandium mee ihe dị ka ihe mgbakwunye maka tungsten okpomọkụ dị elu na chromium alloys. N'ezie, na mgbakwunye na ịme uwe agbamakwụkwọ maka ndị ọzọ, scandium nwere ebe mgbaze dị elu na njupụta ya yiri aluminum, a na-ejikwa ya na ebe mgbaze dị elu dị arọ dị ka scandium titanium alloy na scandium magnesium alloy. Otú ọ dị, n'ihi ọnụ ahịa ya dị elu, a na-ejikarị ya eme ihe na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe dị elu dị ka ụgbọ elu na rọketi.
Ihe seramiiki
A na-ejikarị Scandium, otu ihe eme ihe na alloys, na oxides ya na-ekere òkè dị mkpa na ihe seramiiki n'otu ụzọ ahụ. Tetragonal zirconia seramiiki ihe, nke enwere ike iji dị ka ihe electrode maka mkpụrụ ndụ mmanụ oxide siri ike, nwere ihe pụrụ iche ebe conductivity nke electrolyte a na-abawanye na okpomọkụ na ikuku oxygen na gburugburu ebe obibi. Otú ọ dị, usoro kristal nke ihe seramiiki a n'onwe ya enweghị ike ịdị na-eguzosi ike ma ọ nweghị uru ụlọ ọrụ; Ọ dị mkpa iji doping ụfọdụ ihe nwere ike idozi ihe owuwu a iji nọgide na-enwe ihe mbụ ya. Ịgbakwunye 6 ~ 10% Scandium oxide dị ka ihe owuwu ihe, nke mere na zirconia nwere ike ịkwado na lattice square.
Enwekwara ihe seramiiki injinia dị ka silicon nitride siri ike na oke okpomọkụ dị ka densifiers na stabilizers.
Dị ka densifier,Scandium oxidenwere ike na-etolite a refractory frasi Sc2Si2O7 na nsọtụ nke ezi ahụ, si otú ibelata elu-okpomọkụ deformation nke engineering ceramik. E jiri ya tụnyere oxides ndị ọzọ, ọ nwere ike imeziwanye ihe arụrụ arụrụ ọkụ dị elu nke silicon nitride.
Chemistry nke catalytic
N'ime injinia kemịkalụ, a na-ejikarị scandium eme ihe dị ka ihe na-akpali akpali, ebe enwere ike iji Sc2O3 maka akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ na deoxidation nke ethanol ma ọ bụ isopropanol, decomposition nke acetic acid, na mmepụta nke ethylene sitere na CO na H2. Pt Al catalyst nwere Sc2O3 bụkwa ihe mkpali dị mkpa maka ịdị ọcha hydrogenation mmanụ dị arọ na nhazi nhazi na ụlọ ọrụ petrochemical. Na mmeghachi omume mgbawa catalytic dị ka Cumene, ọrụ nke Sc-Y zeolite catalyst bụ 1000 ugboro dị elu karịa nke Aluminom silicate catalyst; N'iji ya na ụfọdụ ihe na-eme ka omenala, atụmanya mmepe nke scandium catalysts ga-egbuke egbuke.
Ụlọ ọrụ ike nuklia
Ịtinye obere ego nke Sc2O3 na UO2 na mmanụ ọkụ nuklia dị elu nwere ike izere mgbanwe lattice, mmụba olu, na mgbawa nke UO2 na ntụgharị U3O8 kpatara.
Mmanụ ụgbọala
N'otu aka ahụ, ịgbakwụnye 2.5% na 25% scandium na batrị nickel alkali ga-abawanye ndụ ọrụ ha.
ozuzu ugbo
Na ọrụ ugbo, mkpụrụ ndị dị ka ọka, biiti, agwa, ọka wit na sunflower nwere ike na-emeso ya na Scandium sulfate (n'ozuzu bụ 10-3 ~ 10-8mol / L, dị iche iche osisi ga-dị iche iche), na n'ezie mmetụta nke na-akwalite germination. enwetala. Mgbe awa 8 gachara, oke akọrọ nke mgbọrọgwụ na buds mụbara site na 37% na 78% n'otu n'otu ma e jiri ya tụnyere seedlings, mana a ka na-amụ usoro ahụ.
Site na anya Nielsen na ụgwọ nke data Atomic mass data ruo taa, scandium abanyela n'ọhụụ ndị mmadụ naanị otu narị afọ ma ọ bụ iri abụọ, mana ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ nọrọ ọdụ na oche ruo otu narị afọ. Ọ bụghị ruo mgbe ọganihu siri ike nke sayensị ihe onwunwe na njedebe narị afọ gara aga mere ka ọ nweta ume. Taa, ihe ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe n'ụwa, gụnyere scandium, aghọwo kpakpando na-ekpo ọkụ na sayensị ihe, na-arụ ọrụ na-agbanwe agbanwe na ọtụtụ puku usoro, na-eme ka ndụ anyị dịkwuo mfe kwa ụbọchị, na ịmepụta uru akụ na ụba nke na-esikwu ike ịlele.
Oge nzipu: Jun-29-2023