Gịnị bụobere ụwa?
Ụmụ mmadụ nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ihe karịrị afọ 200 kemgbe achọpụtara ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe na 1794. Ebe ọ bụ na e nwere ole na ole ịnweta mineral na-adịghị ahụkebe n'oge ahụ, ọ bụ nanị ntakịrị ntakịrị mmiri oxides nwere ike ịnweta site na usoro mmiri ọgwụ. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, a na-akpọkarị oxides dị otú ahụ "ụwa", n'ihi ya aha ụwa dị ụkọ.
N'ezie, ịnweta ụkọ ụwa adịghị ụkọ na okike. Ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe abụghị ụwa, kama ọ bụ ihe eji eme ọla. Ya nọ n'ọrụ ụdị bụ nanị nke abụọ alkali ọla na alkaline ụwa ọla. Ha nwere ọtụtụ ọdịnaya na jikọrọ ọnụ karịa ọla kọpa nkịtị, zinc, tin, cobalt, na nickel.
Ka ọ dị ugbu a, a na-eji ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe dị iche iche dị ka ngwá electronic, petrochemicals, metallurgy, wdg. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ 3-5 ọ bụla, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-enwe ike ịchọta ihe ọhụrụ maka ụwa ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe, na n'ime ihe isii ọ bụla mepụtara, mmadụ enweghị ike ime ya. na-enweghị obere ụwa.
China bara ụba na mineral ndị dị ụkọ n'ụwa, ọkwa mbụ n'ọkwa ụwa atọ: nchekwa, ọnụ ọgụgụ mmepụta na olu mbupụ. N'otu oge ahụ, China bụkwa naanị mba nwere ike ịnye ọla ala 17 na-adịghị ahụkebe, ọkachasị ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe na ngwa agha ndị a ma ama.
Ngwakọta ihe mejupụtara ụwa dị ụkọ
Ihe mejupụtara ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe bụ ihe ndị Lanthanide mejupụtara na tebụl kemịkalụ oge nke oge:lanthanum(La),cerium(Ce),praseodymium(Pr),neodymium(Nd), promethium (Pm),samarium(Sm),europium(Eu),gadolinium(Gd),terbium(Tb),dysprosium(Dị),holmium(Hụ),erbium(Ee),thulium(Tm),ytterbium(Yb),lutium(Lu), na ihe abụọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na lanthanide:scandium(Sc) nayttrium(Y).
A na-akpọ yaỤwa dị ụkọ, nke akpọchiri dị ka Rare Earth.
Nhazi nke ihe ndị dị ụkọ n'ụwa
Nkewa site na njirimara anụ ahụ na kemịkalụ nke ihe:
Ihe ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe ụwa:Scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium
Ihe mejupụtara ụwa dị egwu:terbium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium.
Nkewa site na njirimara ịnweta:
Otu Cerium:Lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium.
Otu Yttrium:terbium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutium, scandium, yttrium.
Nkewa site na nkewa mmịpụta:
Ụwa obere obere (P204 adịghị ike mmịpụta acidity)Ihe: lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium
Ọkara obere ụwa (P204 obere acidity mmịpụta):ndị na-emepụta ihe, terbium, terbium, europium, gadolinium, dysprosium
Ala dị arọ (mwepụta acidity na P204):ytterbium, lutium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium.
Njirimara nke ihe ndị dị ụkọ n'ụwa
Ihe karịrị ọrụ 50 nke ihe ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe nke ụwa metụtara na usoro eletrọnịkị 4f ha pụrụ iche, na-eme ka a na-eji ya eme ihe n'ụzọ ọdịnala na mpaghara ihe ọhụụ dị elu.
4f electron orbit
1. Njirimara anụ ahụ na nke kemịkal
★ nwere doro anya dara Njirimara; Ọ bụ isi awọ ọlaọcha, ewezuga praseodymium na neodymium, ọ na-apụta ìhè edo edo
★ Ọgaranya oxide agba
★ Form anụ ogige na-abụghị ọla
★ metal na-ekpo ọkụ
★ Mfe oxidize na ikuku
2 Optoelectronic Njirimara
★ 4f sublayer na-ejuputaghị, ebe 4f electrons na-echebe site na mpụga electrons, na-akpata dị iche iche spectral okwu na ike ọkwa.
Mgbe mgbanwe elektrọn 4f, ha nwere ike ịmịnye ma ọ bụ wepụta radieshon dị iche iche site na ultraviolet, nke a na-ahụ anya na mpaghara infrared, na-eme ka ha dabara dị ka ihe na-enwu enwu.
★ Good conductivity, ike nke na-akwadebe obere ụwa ọla site electrolysis usoro
Ọrụ 4f Electrons nke ihe ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe ụwa n'ime ihe ọhụrụ
1.Materials tinye n'ọrụ 4f electronic atụmatụ
★ 4f eletrọn ntụ ntụ nhazi:gosipụtara dị ka magnetik siri ike - dabara maka iji dị ka ihe ndọta na-adịgide adịgide, ihe onyonyo MRI, sensọ magnetik, superconductor, wdg.
★ 4f orbital eletrọn mgbanwe: gosipụtara dị ka ihe ndị na-egbuke egbuke - adabara maka iji dị ka ihe ndị na-egbuke egbuke dị ka phosphor, laser infrared, fiber amplifiers, wdg.
Ntugharị eletrọnịkị na 4f ume larịị ndu band: egosipụtara dị ka agba agba - adabara agba na decolorization nke na-ekpo ọkụ ntụpọ components, pigmenti, seramiiki mmanụ, iko, wdg
2 nwere njikọ chiri anya na 4f elektrọn, na-eji radius Ionic, ụgwọ na akụrụngwa kemịkal
★ Njirimara nuklia:
Obere akụkụ ikuku neutron thermal thermal Absorption cross section - dabara adaba maka iji dị ka ihe nhazi nke ihe nrụpụta nuklia, wdg.
Nnukwu ngalaba absorption neutron - dabara adaba maka ihe mkpuchi nke ihe nrụpụta nuklia, wdg
★ Rare earth Ionic radius, ụgwọ, anụ ahụ na kemịkal Njirimara:
ntụpọ Lattice, radius Ionic yiri ya, akụrụngwa kemịkalụ, ụgwọ dị iche iche - dabara maka kpo oku, ihe mkpali, ihe mmetụta, wdg.
Nkọwapụta ihe owuwu - dabara adaba maka ojiji dị ka ihe nchekwa alloy cathode nchekwa hydrogen, ihe nnabata microwave, wdg
Electro optical na dielectric Njirimara - dabara adaba maka iji dị ka ihe mgbanwe ọkụ, ceramik transperent, wdg.
Oge nzipu: Jul-06-2023