1, Isi Okwu Mmalite
Aha Chinese:Barium, aha bekee:Barium, akara mmewereBa, Atomiki nọmba 56 na nke oge table, bụ otu IIA otu alkaline earth metal element na a njupụta nke 3.51 g/cubic centimeter, a agbaze ebe 727 ° C (1000 K, 1341 ° F), na a esi nke 1870 Celsius. C (2143 K, 3398 Celsius). Barium bụ ọla ala alkaline nwere ihe na-acha ọcha ọla ọcha, nwere agba ire ọkụ nke akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-acha odo odo, dị nro na ductile.Bariumnwere akụrụngwa kemịkalụ na-arụsi ọrụ ike ma nwee ike meghachi omume na ọtụtụ ndị na-abụghị ọla.Bariumachọtabeghị dị ka otu ihe dị na okike.Bariumnnu na-egbu egbu ma ewezugabariumsulfate. Na mgbakwunye,ọla bariumnwere ike redicibility na nwere ike ibelata ọtụtụ metal oxides, halides, na sulfides iji nweta kwekọrọ ekwekọ ọla. Ọdịnaya nkebariumna jikọrọ ọnụ bụ 0.05%, na mineral ndị a na-ahụkarị na ọdịdị bụ barite (bariumsulfate) na akpọnwụ akpọnwụ (bariumcarbonate). A na-eji Barium eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe dị ka ngwa eletrọnịkị, ceramik, ọgwụ na mmanụ ala.
2, Nchọpụta nkeBariumna ọnọdụ mmepe nke ChinaBariumỤlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe
1. A nkenke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke chọpụtara nkebarium
Sulfide metal alkaline na-egosipụta phosphorescence, nke pụtara na ha na-aga n'ihu na-amụnye ìhè n'ọchịchịrị ruo oge ụfọdụ mgbe ekpughere ya na ìhè. Ọ bụ kpọmkwem n'ihi njirimara abariumogige amalitela ịnata nlebara anya.
Na 1602, V. Casiorolus, bụ́ onye na-akpụ akpụkpọ ụkwụ na Bologna, Ịtali, chọpụtara na barite nwerebariumsulfate na-ewepụta ìhè n'ọchịchịrị mgbe ejiri ihe ndị na-ere ọkụ mee ya. Ihe omume a kpalitere mmasị nke ndị na-ahụ maka chemist Europe. N'afọ 1774, onye Swedish chemist CW Scheele chọpụtara ihe ọhụrụ na barite, ma ọ nweghị ike ikewapụ ya, naanị oxide nke ihe ahụ. Na 1776, Johan Gottlieb Gahn kewapụrụ oxide a n'ime ọmụmụ ihe yiri ya. Guyton de Morveau kpọrọ Baryta na mbụ dị ka barote, ma mesịa degharịa baryta (ụwa dị arọ) site n'aka Antoine Lavoisier. N'afọ 1808, ọkà mmụta ọgwụ Britain bụ Humphry Davy ji mercury dị ka cathode, platinum dị ka anode, na electrolyzed barite (BaSO4) iji mepụta.bariumngwakọta. Mgbe distillation wepụ mercury, a na-enweta ígwè na-adịchaghị ọcha ma kpọọ ahabarium.
Ngwa ụlọ ọrụ nwekwara akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ihe karịrị otu narị afọ
N'ihe dị ka n'etiti narị afọ nke 19, ndị mmadụ malitere iji barite (ihe ịnweta mineral dị mkpa maka ịmepụtabariumnabariumogige) dị ka ihe ndochi maka agba. Kemgbe narị afọ a, barite aghọwo ihe bụ isi akụrụngwa maka imepụta ihe dị iche ichebariumnwere ngwaahịa kemịkal. N'ihi oke ya dị oke mkpa, akụrụngwa kemịkalụ kwụsiri ike, yana enweghị ike ịsọpu na mmiri na acid, ejiri barite mee ihe dị ka ihe na-ebu ibu maka apịtị na-egwu mmanụ na gas ka ọ dị ka 1920s.BariumA na-eji sulfate eme ihe na-emepụta ihe na-acha ọcha na-acha ọcha ma nwee ike iji ya mee ihe dị ka ihe nkpuchi na agba maka roba.
2. Ọnọdụ nke Chinabariumụlọ ọrụ
A na-ahụkarịbariumnnu gụnyerebariumsulfate,bariumnitrate, barium chloride,bariumcarbonate,bariumcyanide, wdg.BariumA na-ejikarị ngwaahịa nnu eme ihe na ụlọ ọrụ eletrọnịkị dị ka mgbakwunye maka tubes foto agba na ihe ndọta.
Ka ọ dị ugbu a, China abụrụla mba kacha emepụta ihe n'ụwabariumnnu. The zuru ụwa ọnụ kwa afọ mmepụta ike nkebariumcarbonate bụ ihe dị ka tọn 900000, na-arụpụta ihe dị ka tọn 700000, ebe ikike mmepụta China kwa afọ bụ ihe dị ka tọn 700000, na-emepụta ihe dị ka tọn 500000 kwa afọ, na-aza ihe karịrị 70% nke ụwa.bariumcarbonate mmepụta ikike na mmepụta. nke ChinabariumA na-ebupụ ngwaahịa carbonate n'ọtụtụ buru ibu ruo ogologo oge, China aghọọla mba kacha ibu n'ụwa.bariumcarbonate.
Nsogbu na-eche ihu mmepe nkeBariumỤlọ ọrụ nnu na China
Ọ bụ ezie na China bụ ndị kasị ibu n'ụwa na-emepụta na mbupụbariumcarbonate, ọ bụghị ike na-emepụta barium carbonate. Nke mbụ, e nwere obere ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibubariumỤlọ ọrụ na-emepụta carbonate na China, yana ụlọ ọrụ ole na ole nwetara nnukwu mmepụta; Nke abụọ, ndị Chinabariumngwaahịa carbonate nwere otu usoro na enweghị ngwaahịa teknụzụ dị elu. Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ na-eme nchọpụta ugbu a ma na-emepụta ịdị ọcha dị elubariumcarbonate, nkwụsi ike ya adịghị mma. Maka ngwaahịa dị oke ọcha, China chọkwara ibubata site na ụlọ ọrụ dịka Germany, Italy na Japan. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, n'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, mba ụfọdụ aghọwo ndị ọhụrụ na-ebupụbariumcarbonate, dị ka Russia, Brazil, South Korea, na Mexico, na-eduga n'ịfefe na mba ụwabariumahịa carbonate, nke nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na Chinabariumụlọ ọrụ carbonate. Ndị na-emepụta ihe dị njikere ibelata ọnụ ahịa iji dịrị ndụ. N'otu oge ahụ, ụlọ ọrụ na-ebupụ ndị China na-echekwa nchọpụta mgbochi mkpofu site na mba ọzọ. Site na mmụba na-aga n'ihu nke ihe nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi chọrọ, ụfọdụbariumỤlọ ọrụ mmepụta nnu na China na-echekwa okwu nchebe gburugburu ebe obibi ihu. Iji kwalite mmepe nke Chinabariumụlọ ọrụ nnu,bariumỤlọ ọrụ mmepụta nnu na China kwesịrị iji nchekwa na nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka ntọala, na-eme nchọpụta na-aga n'ihu na ịmepụta teknụzụ dị elu, ma na-emepụta ngwaahịa ọhụrụ na-emezu ihe ndị a chọrọ n'oge ma nwee ọdịnaya nkà na ụzụ dị elu.
Mmepụta na Mbupụ Data nke Barite na China
Dị ka data sitere na United States Geological Survey, mmepụta nke barite na China dị ihe dị ka nde tọn 41 na 2014. Dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ omenala ndị China si kwuo, site na January ruo December 2014, China na-ebupụ 92588597 kilogram.bariumN'ime ọnwa gara aga, ụgwọ ọnụahịa nke 0.18 %. Ọnụ ahịa mbupụ na-agbakọta bụ 65496598 US dollar, mmụba nke 20.99% ma e jiri ya tụnyere otu oge ahụ n'afọ gara aga. Ọnụ ahịa otu mbupụ bụ 0.71 US dollar kwa kilogram, mmụba nke 0.12 US dollar kwa kilogram ma e jiri ya tụnyere otu oge ahụ n'afọ gara aga. N'ime ha, na Disemba 2014, China wepụrụ kilogram 8768648 nkebariumN'ime ọnwa gara aga, ụgwọ ọnụahịa nke sulfate gbanwere +8.19%. Ọnụ ego mbupụ bụ 8385141 US dollar, mmụba nke 5.1% ma e jiri ya tụnyere otu oge ahụ n'afọ gara aga.
Dị ka data omenala ndị China si kwuo, na June 2015, China wepụrụ tọn 170000.bariumsulfate, mbelata nke 1.7% ma e jiri ya tụnyere otu oge ahụ n'afọ gara aga; Na ọkara mbụ nke afọ, mkpokọta mbupụ mbupụ bụ nde tọn 1.12, mbelata nke 6.8% ma e jiri ya tụnyere otu oge ahụ n'afọ gara aga; Otu ego mbupụ ji 5.4% na 9% belata n'otu n'otu ma e jiri ya tụnyere otu oge ahụ n'afọ gara aga.
3, Nkesa na mmepụta nke Barium (Barite) Resources
1. Nkesa ihe onwunwe barium
Ọdịnaya nkebariumna jikọrọ ọnụ bụ 0.05%, ogo 14th. Isi mineral na okike bụ barite (bariumsulfate BaSO4) na akpọnwụ akpọnwụ.bariumcarbonate BaCO3). N'ime ha, barite bụ ihe ịnweta barium kachasị, nke mejupụtara yabariumsulfate ma na-apụta na veins hydrothermal dị ala, dị ka quartz barite veins, fluorite barite veins, wdg. Toxicite bụ isi ihe ọzọ.bariumnwere mineral na okike, na mgbakwunye na barite, na isi ihe ya bụbariumcarbonate.
Dị ka data sitere na United States Geological Survey na 2015, akụ barite zuru ụwa ọnụ bụ ihe dị ka ijeri ijeri abụọ, nke egosipụtara nde tọn 740. Ebe nchekwa barite zuru ụwa ọnụ bụ nde tọn 350. China bụ obodo nwere akụ barite kachasị ukwuu. Mba ndị ọzọ nwere akụ barite bara ụba gụnyere Kazakhstan, Türkiye, India, Thailand, United States na Mexico. Isi mmalite nke barite n'ụwa gụnyere Westman Land na UK, Felsbonne na Romania, Saxony na Germany, Tianzhu na Guizhou, Heifenggou na Gansu, Gongxi na Hunan, Liulin na Hubei, Xiangzhou na Guangxi, na Shuiping na Shaanxi.
Dị ka data sitere na United States Geological Survey na 2015, mmepụta zuru ụwa ọnụ nke barite bụ 9.23 nde tọn na 2013 ma mụbaa na 9.26 nde tọn na 2014. Na 2014, China bụ onye na-emepụta barite kasị ukwuu, na-emepụta ihe dị nde tọn 4.1. , na-aza ihe dịka 44.3% nke mkpokọta mmepụta ụwa. India, Morocco, na United States nọ n'ọkwa nke abụọ, nke atọ na nke anọ n'otu n'otu, na mmepụta nke nde tọn 1.6, tọn 1 nde, na tọn 720000.
2. Nkesa nkeBariumAkụrụngwa dị na China
China bara ọgaranyabariumakụ akụ, nke nwere ngụkọta nkwakọba ihe kariri ijeri tọn 1. Ọzọkwa, ọkwa nke barium ore dị oke elu, ebe nchekwa na mmepụta ya bụ nke mbụ n'ụwa ugbu a. Kacha nkịtịbariumnwere ịnweta na okike bụ barite. Ihe nchekwa zuru ụwa ọnụ nke barite bụ nde 350, ebe nchekwa barite na China bụ 100 nde tọn, na-aza ihe dịka 29% nke mkpokọta nchekwa ụwa na ọkwa mbụ n'ụwa.
Dị ka data dị na "Nchọgharị nke Isi Mineral Concentration Mpaghara na Resource Pụrụ Ime nke China's Barite Mines" (Chemical Mineral Geology, 2010), China bara ụba na barite akụrụngwa, kesara na 24 ógbè (mpaghara) mba, na-echekwa na mmepụta ogo. mbụ n'ụwa. Enwere mpaghara ebe a na-egwupụta ihe dị 195 nke nwere ego edobere anya na China, yana mkpokọta akụ akwadoro nke nde 390 nke ore. Site na mpaghara mpaghara (mpaghara) nkesa barite, Guizhou Province nwere ọtụtụ ogbunigwe barite, na-aza 34% nke mkpokọta mba ahụ; Hunan, Guangxi, Gansu, Shaanxi na mpaghara ndị ọzọ (mpaghara) na-ewere ọnọdụ nke abụọ. Mpaghara ise ndị a dị n'elu nwere 80% nke ihe nchekwa mba. Ụdị nkwụnye ego na-abụkarị sedimentary, na-aza 60% nke mkpokọta ego. Na mgbakwunye, e nwekwara ụdị oyi akwa na-achịkwa (endogenetic), sedimentary mgbawa ugwu, hydrothermal, na ihu igwe (mkpọda mkpọda). Oge ịnweta mineral bụ tumadi n'oge Paleozoic, na ebe nchekwa barite na-etolitekwa n'oge oge Sinian na Mesozoic Cenozoic.
Njirimara nke Barite Mineral Resources na China
Site na ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ, a na-ekesa mineral barite na China na mpaghara etiti; N'ihe banyere ọkwa, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mineral niile bara ụba na-etinyekarị na Guizhou na Guangxi; Site n'echiche nke nkwụnye ego ọla, nkwụnye ego barite nke China na-abụkarị nnukwu na ọkara. Naanị mpaghara abụọ a na-egwupụta akụ nke Guizhou Tianzhu Dahe Bian na Hunan Xinhuang Gongxi bụ ihe karịrị ọkara nke ihe nchekwa na mpaghara ndị a. Ọtụtụ mgbe, otu barite ụdị bụ isi ore ụdị, na ịnweta mejupụtara na chemical mejupụtara ruru dịtụ mfe ma dị ọcha, dị ka Hunan Xinhuang Gongxi barite mine. Na mgbakwunye, enwekwara nnukwu nchekwa nke co na mineral ndị metụtara nke enwere ike iji ya rụọ ọrụ nke ọma.
4. Production usoro nke barium
1. Nkwadebe nkebarium
Mmepụta barium ọla na ụlọ ọrụ gụnyere usoro abụọ: mmepụta nke barium oxide na mmepụta nke barium ọla site na mbelata okpomọkụ metal (mbelata aluminothermic).
(1) Nkwadebe nkebariumoxide
Ọdịmma barite dị elu nke mbụ chọrọ nhọrọ ntuziaka na flotation, nke na-esote ígwè na mwepụ silicon iji nweta ntinye uche nwere ihe karịrị 96%bariumsulfate. Gwakọta ntụ ntụ ịnweta nwere urughuru ihe na-erughị 20 ntupu na coal ma ọ bụ mmanụ ala coke ntụ ntụ na nha nha 4:1, yana calcine na 1100 ℃ n'ime ọkụ reverberatory.BariumA na-ebelata sulfate ka ọ bụrụ barium sulfide (nke a na-akpọkarị "ash ojii"), nke a na-eji mmiri ọkụ na-agbapụta iji nweta ngwọta nke barium sulfide. Iji gbanwee barium sulfide ka ọ bụrụ mmiri ozuzo barium carbonate, ọ dị mkpa ịgbakwunye sodium carbonate ma ọ bụ iwebata carbon dioxide n'ime barium sulfide aqueous solution. Gwakọta barium carbonate na ntụ ntụ carbon na calcine n'elu 800 ℃ iji nweta barium oxide. Ekwesiri ighota na barium oxide oxidizes na-etolite barium peroxide na 500-700 ℃, na barium peroxide nwere ike ire ere ka o guzobe.bariumoxide na 700-800 ℃. Ya mere, iji zere imepụta barium peroxide, ngwaahịa ndị a kpụrụ akpụ kwesịrị ka ajụkwa oyi ma ọ bụ menyụọ n'okpuru nchebe gas na-adịghị.
(2) Mmepụta nkebarium metalsite na usoro mbelata aluminom
Enwere mmeghachi omume abụọ maka mbelata aluminom nkebariumoxide n'ihi ihe dị iche iche:
6BaO+2Al → 3BaO • Al2O3+3Ba ↑
Ma ọ bụ: 4BaO+2Al → BaO • Al2O3+3Ba ↑
Na okpomọkụ sitere na 1000 ruo 1200 ℃, mmeghachi omume abụọ a na-emepụta ntakịrị.barium, ya mere ọ dị mkpa iji mgbapụta mgbapụta na-ebufe na-aga n'ihubariumuzuoku sitere na mpaghara mmeghachi omume na mpaghara condensation ka mmeghachi omume na-aga n'ihu na-aga n'ihu n'aka nri. Ihe fọdụrụ mgbe mmeghachi omume ahụ na-egbu egbu ma enwere ike ịtụfu ya mgbe ọgwụgwọ gasịrị.
2. Nkwadebe nke ogige barium nkịtị
(1) Usoro nkwadebe nkebariumcarbonate
① Usoro carbonization
Usoro carbonization na-agụnye ịgwakọta barite na coal n'otu akụkụ, na-egwepịa ha n'ime ọkụ rotary, na-esi nri ma belata ha na 1100-1200 ℃ iji nweta barium sulfide gbazee. A na-ebuba carbon dioxide n'imebariumngwọta sulfide maka carbonization, na enwetarabariumA na-edobe slurry carbonate na-asachapụ desulfurization na nzacha agụụ. Mgbe ahụ, a na-akpọnwụ ma gwerie ya na 300 ℃ iji nweta ngwaahịa barium carbonate emechara. Usoro a na-anabata ọtụtụ ndị nrụpụta n'ihi usoro ya dị mfe na ọnụ ala dị ala.
② Usoro nbibi siri ike
Ngwaahịa ikpeazụ nkebariumEnwere ike nweta carbonate site na mmeghachi omume ire ere okpukpu abụọ n'etiti barium sulfide na ammonium carbonate, ma ọ bụ mmeghachi omume n'etiti barium chloride na potassium carbonate. A na-asazi ngwaahịa a rụpụtara, kpochaa, akpọnwụọ, wdg.
③ Iwu Petrochemical Na-egbu egbu
A na-eji nnu ammonium emeghachi ntụ ntụ ntụ dị arọ nke na-egbu egbu iji mepụta solublebariumnnu, na ammonium carbonate ka a na-emegharị maka ojiji. Ihe solublebariumA na-etinye nnu na ammonium carbonate iji mee ka barium carbonate a nụchara anụcha, bụ nke a na-enyocha ma kpọọ nkụ iji mepụta ngwaahịa emechara. Na mgbakwunye, mmanya nne enwetara nwere ike ịmegharị ma jiri ya mee ihe ọzọ.
(2) Usoro nkwadebe nkebariumtitanate
① Usoro siri ike
Bariumtitanate nwere ike ịkwadebe site na calciningbariumcarbonate na titanium dioxide, nke nwere ike doped na ihe ọ bụla ọzọ.
② Usoro ndakọrịta
igbaribariumchloride na titanium tetrachloride na ngwakọta nke ihe hà nhata, na-ekpo ọkụ ruo 70 Celsius C, wee dobe oxalic acid iji nweta mkpọda nke hydrated.bariumtitanate [BaTiO (C2O4) 2-4H2O]. Saa, kpoo, wee pyrolysis iji nweta barium titanate.
(3) Usoro nkwadebe nkebariumchloride
Usoro mmepụta nkebariumchloride gụnyere usoro hydrochloric acid,bariumusoro carbonate, usoro calcium chloride, na usoro magnesium chloride dị ka ụzọ dị iche iche ma ọ bụ akụrụngwa siri dị.
① Hydrochloric acid usoro.
②Bariumusoro carbonate. Emere site na nkume akpọnwụ akpọnwụ (barium carbonate) dị ka akụrụngwa.
③ Usoro Calcium chloride. Ibelata ngwakọta nke barite na calcium chloride na carbon.
Na mgbakwunye, enwere usoro magnesium chloride. Kwadoro site na ọgwụgwọbariumsulfide na magnesium chloride.
Oge nzipu: Nov-01-2023