Enwere ụdị ọla nke dị oke anwansi. Na ndụ kwa ụbọchị, ọ na-apụta n'ụdị mmiri mmiri dị ka mercury. Ọ bụrụ na ị tụnye ya na mkpọ, ọ ga-eju gị anya ịhụ na karama ahụ na-esighi ike dị ka akwụkwọ, ọ ga-eji naanị mkpọ agbaji. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, ịkwanye ya na ọla ndị dị ka ọla kọpa na ígwè na-akpatakwa ọnọdụ a, nke a pụrụ ịkpọ "metal terminator". Gịnị na-eme ka o nwee àgwà ndị dị otú ahụ? Taa, anyị ga-abanye n'ụwa nke gallium metal.
1. Gịnị element bụgallium metal
Ihe Gallium dị na nkeji nke anọ IIIA otu na tebụl oge nke ihe. Ebe mgbaze nke gallium dị ọcha dị obere, naanị 29.78 ℃, mana ebe esi esi dị elu dị ka 2204.8 ℃. N'oge okpomọkụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ya dị ka mmiri mmiri ma nwee ike gbazee mgbe etinye ya n'ọbụ aka. Site na ihe ndị a dị n'elu, anyị nwere ike ịghọta na gallium nwere ike imebi ọla ndị ọzọ kpọmkwem n'ihi ebe mgbaze ya dị ala. Liquid gallium na-eji ọla ndị ọzọ na-emepụta alloys, nke bụ ihe anwansi a kpọtụrụ aha na mbụ. Ọdịnaya ya n'ime eriri ụwa bụ naanị ihe dịka 0.001%, a chọpụtabeghị ịdị adị ya ruo afọ 140 gara aga. Na 1871, Russian chemist Mendeleev chịkọtara okpokoro oge nke ihe na-ebu amụma na mgbe zinc gasịrị, e nwekwara ihe dị n'okpuru aluminum, nke nwere ihe ndị yiri ya na aluminom ma kpọọ ya "aluminom dị ka element". Na 1875, mgbe ọkà mmụta sayensị French Bowabordland nọ na-amụ spectral ahịrị iwu nke metal ọcha nke otu ezinụlọ, ọ hụrụ a iju ìhè band na sphalerite (ZnS), n'ihi ya, ọ chọtara a "aluminom dị ka element", wee kpọọ ya aha n'ala nna ya. France (Gaul, Latin Gallia), nke nwere akara Ga na-anọchi anya ihe a, ya mere gallium ghọrọ ihe mbụ e buru n'amụma na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nchọpụta kemịkalụ, wee chọta ihe ahụ kwadoro na nnwale.
A na-ekesa Gallium na China, Germany, France, Australia, Kazakhstan na mba ndị ọzọ n'ụwa, nke ihe nchekwa akụ gallium nke China nwere ihe karịrị 95% nke mkpokọta ụwa, nke ekesara na Shanxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, Henan, Guangxi. na ebe ndị ọzọ [1]. N'ihe gbasara ụdị nkesa, Shanxi, Shandong na ebe ndị ọzọ na-abụkarị na bauxite, Yunnan na ebe ndị ọzọ na tin ore, na Hunan na ebe ndị ọzọ na-abụkarị na sphalerite. Na mmalite nke nchọpụta nke gallium metal, n'ihi enweghị nyocha nke kwekọrọ na ngwa ya, ndị mmadụ na-ekwenye mgbe nile na ọ bụ ígwè na-arụ ọrụ dị ala. Otú ọ dị, site na mmepe nke teknụzụ ozi na-aga n'ihu na oge nke ike ọhụrụ na nkà na ụzụ dị elu, gallium metal anabatala nlebara anya dị ka ihe dị mkpa na mpaghara ozi, na ọchịchọ ya abawanyela nke ukwuu.
2. Ngwa Ubi nke metal Gallium
1. Semiconductor ubi
A na-ejikarị Gallium eme ihe n'ọhịa nke ihe semiconductor, yana ihe gallium arsenide (GaAs) bụ ihe a na-ejikarị eme ihe na nkà na ụzụ bụ ndị tozuru okè. Dị ka onye na-ebu mgbasa ozi, ihe semiconductor na-enweta 80% ruo 85% nke mkpokọta oriri gallium, nke a na-ejikarị na nkwukọrịta ikuku. Gallium arsenide power amplifiers nwere ike ịbawanye ọsọ nzikọrịta ozi ruo ugboro 100 karịa nke netwọkụ 4G, nke nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịbanye n'oge 5G. Ọzọkwa, enwere ike iji gallium mee ihe dị ka ihe na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na ngwa semiconductor n'ihi njirimara ọkụ ya, ebe mgbaze dị ala, nnukwu okpomọkụ okpomọkụ, na arụmọrụ dị mma. Itinye gallium metal n'ụdị gallium dabeere alloy na thermal interface ihe nwere ike melite okpomọkụ dissipation ike na arụmọrụ nke electronic components.
2. Mkpụrụ ndụ anyanwụ
Mmepe nke mkpụrụ ndụ anyanwụ esiwo n'oge mbụ monocrystalline silicon anyanwụ mkpụrụ ndụ na polycrystalline silicon thin film cell. N'ihi ọnụ ahịa dị elu nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nkiri sịlịkọn polycrystalline, ndị nchọpụta achọpụtala mkpụrụ ndụ ọla kọpa indium gallium selenium thin film (CIGS) n'ime ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe [3]. Mkpụrụ ndụ CIGS nwere uru nke ọnụ ahịa mmepụta dị ala, nnukwu mmepụta ihe, yana ọnụ ọgụgụ ntụgharị fotoelectric dị elu, si otú a na-enwe atụmanya mmepe sara mbara. Nke abuo, gallium arsenide solar cell nwere nnukwu uru na ntughari arụmọrụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nkiri dị mkpa nke ihe ndị ọzọ mere. Otú ọ dị, n'ihi ọnụ ahịa dị elu nke ihe gallium arsenide na-emepụta, a na-ejikarị ha eme ihe ugbu a na mbara igwe na mpaghara agha.
3. Ike hydrogen
Site na mmata na-abawanye ụba nke nsogbu ike n'ụwa niile, ndị mmadụ na-achọ iji dochie anya isi mmalite ike na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe, nke ike hydrogen pụtara ìhè. Otú ọ dị, ọnụ ahịa dị elu na nchekwa dị ala nke nchekwa hydrogen na njem na-egbochi mmepe nke nkà na ụzụ a. Dị ka ihe ndị kasị ukwuu metal mmewere na jikọrọ ọnụ, aluminum nwere ike ime na mmiri na-emepụta hydrogen n'okpuru ụfọdụ ọnọdụ, nke bụ ezigbo hydrogen nchekwa ihe, Otú ọ dị, n'ihi mfe oxidation nke elu metal aluminum na-etolite a ok aluminum oxide film. , nke na-egbochi mmeghachi omume ahụ, ndị nchọpụta achọpụtala na gallium dị ala na-agbaze nwere ike ịmepụta alloy na aluminom, na gallium nwere ike igbari mkpuchi elu aluminum oxide, na-ekwe ka mmeghachi omume na-aga n'ihu [4], na metal. enwere ike ịmegharị gallium ma jiri ya mee ihe ọzọ. Ojiji nke aluminom gallium alloy ihe na-edozi nsogbu nke nkwadebe ngwa ngwa na nchekwa nchekwa na njem nke ike hydrogen, na-eme ka nchekwa, akụ na ụba, na nchebe gburugburu ebe obibi dịkwuo mma.
4. Medical ubi
A na-ejikarị Gallium eme ihe na ngalaba ahụike n'ihi njirimara radieshon ya pụrụ iche, nke enwere ike iji maka onyonyo na igbochi etuto ọjọọ. Ogige Gallium nwere ihe omume antifungal na antibacterial doro anya, na-emecha nweta ọgwụ mgbochi nwa site na itinye aka na metabolism nke nje. Na gallium alloys nwere ike iji mee ihe ọkụ ọkụ, dị ka gallium indium tin temometa, ụdị ọhụrụ nke mmiri mmiri metal alloy nke dị mma, na-adịghị egbu egbu, na gburugburu ebe obibi enyi na enyi, na a pụrụ iji dochie toxic mercury thermometers. Na mgbakwunye, akụkụ ụfọdụ nke gallium alloy na-anọchi anya amalgam ọlaọcha ọdịnala ma jiri ya na ngwa ụlọ ọgwụ dị ka ihe na-ejuputa eze ọhụrụ.
3, Outlook
Ọ bụ ezie na China bụ otu n'ime ndị na-emepụta gallium n'ụwa, a ka nwere ọtụtụ nsogbu na ụlọ ọrụ gallium nke China. N'ihi obere ọdịnaya nke gallium dị ka ịnweta ndị mmekọ, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta gallium na-agbasasị, na enwere njikọ adịghị ike na yinye ụlọ ọrụ. Usoro ngwuputa ihe nwere mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi siri ike, na ikike mmepụta nke gallium dị ọcha adịghị ike, na-adabere na mbupụ gallium na-adịghị ala ala na ibubata gallium a nụchara anụcha na ọnụ ahịa dị elu. Agbanyeghị, site na mmepe nke sayensị na teknụzụ, mmụba nke ụkpụrụ ibi ndụ ndị mmadụ, yana itinye gallium n'ọtụtụ ebe na ngalaba ozi na ike, agụụ gallium ga-abawanye ngwa ngwa. Nkà na ụzụ mmepụta ihe dịtụ azụ nke gallium dị ọcha ga-enwe ihe mgbochi na mmepe ụlọ ọrụ China. Ịmepụta teknụzụ ọhụrụ dị oke mkpa maka inweta mmepe dị elu nke sayensị na teknụzụ na China.
Oge nzipu: Mee-17-2023