Ụkpụrụ papillary dị na mkpịsị aka mmadụ na-anọgide na-agbanwe agbanwe n'usoro ọdịdị elu ha site n'ọmụmụ, na-enwe àgwà dị iche iche site na mmadụ gaa na onye, na usoro papillary na mkpịsị aka ọ bụla nke otu onye ahụ dịkwa iche. Ụdị papilla na mkpịsị aka na-agbaji ma kesaa ya na ọtụtụ oghere ọsụsọ. Ahụ mmadụ na-ezobe ihe ndị sitere na mmiri dị ka ọsụsọ na ihe mmanu dị ka mmanụ. Ihe ndị a ga-ebufe ma tinye ya na ihe ahụ mgbe ha batara na kọntaktị, na-emepụta mmetụta na ihe ahụ. Ọ bụ kpọmkwem n'ihi njirimara pụrụ iche nke mbipụta aka, dị ka nkọwapụta nke onye ha n'otu n'otu, nkwụsi ike nke ndụ ogologo ndụ, na ọdịdị nke akara mmetụ aka mere akara mkpisiaka abụrụla ihe amaara ama nke nyocha mpụ na njirimara onwe onye kemgbe ejiri akara mkpịsị aka mbụ maka njirimara onwe onye. na ngwụsị narị afọ nke 19.
N'ebe mpụ ahụ mere, ewezuga mkpịsị aka mkpịsị aka nwere akụkụ atọ na nke dị larịị, ọnụ ọgụgụ ihe omume nke akara mkpịsị aka nwere ike bụ nke kachasị elu. Mkpịsị aka nwere ike na-achọkarị nhazi anya site na mmeghachi omume anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ kemịkal. Ụzọ mmepe akara mkpịsị aka a na-ahụkarị gụnyere gụnyere mmepe anya, mmepe ntụ ntụ, na mmepe kemịkal. N'ime ha, a na-akwado mmepe ntụ ntụ site na ngalaba ahịhịa n'ihi ọrụ ya dị mfe na ọnụ ala dị ala. Otú ọ dị, njedebe nke ihe ngosi akara mkpịsị aka omenala na-adabere na ntụ ntụ na-adịghịzi gboo mkpa nke ndị na-ahụ maka omempụ, dị ka mgbagwoju anya na agba dị iche iche na ihe dị iche iche nke ihe ahụ na-eme mpụ, na adịghị mma dị iche n'etiti akara mkpịsị aka na agba azụ; The size, udi, viscosity, mejupụtara ruru, na arụmọrụ nke ntụ ntụ ahụ na-emetụta uche nke ntụ ntụ ọdịdị; Nhọrọ nke ntụ ntụ omenala adịghị mma, karịsịa nkwalite mgbasa ozi nke ihe dị mmiri na ntụ ntụ, nke na-ebelata oke nhọrọ mmepe nke ntụ ntụ omenala. N'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ndị ọrụ sayensị na nkà na ụzụ na-eme nchọpụta na-aga n'ihu na-eme nchọpụta ihe ọhụrụ na ụzọ njikọ, n'ime haobere ụwaihe ndị na-egbuke egbuke adọtala uche nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị ọrụ nkà na ụzụ n'ihi njirimara luminescent ha pụrụ iche, ọdịiche dị elu, mmetụta dị elu, nhọrọ dị elu, na nsị dị ala na ntinye nke ngosi mkpịsị aka. Igwe ikuku 4f nke ihe ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe nke ụwa jupụtara nke nta nke nta na-enye ha nnukwu ume ike, na 5s na 5P oyi akwa electron orbitals nke ihe ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe ụwa jupụtara kpamkpam. A na-echekwa electrons oyi akwa 4f, na-enye electrons oyi akwa 4f ụdị ngagharị pụrụ iche. Ya mere, ihe ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe nke ụwa na-egosipụta ọmarịcha fotostability na nkwụsi ike kemịkalụ na-enweghị ịcha ọcha, na-emeri njedebe nke ihe eji esiji ahịhịa a na-ejikarị eme ihe. Na mgbakwunye,obere ụwaihe ndị ọzọ nwekwara ikike eletriki na magnetik dị elu ma e jiri ya tụnyere ihe ndị ọzọ. The pụrụ iche ngwa anya Njirimara nkeobere ụwaions, dị ka ogologo oge ndụ nke fluorescence, ọtụtụ mkpirisi mmịpụta na ikuku ikuku, na nnukwu nnabata ike na oghere ikuku, adọtala nlebara anya zuru ebe niile na nyocha metụtara nke ngosi mkpịsị aka.
N'ime ọtụtụobere ụwaihe,europiumbụ ihe luminescent a na-ejikarị eme ihe. Demarcay, onye chọpụtaraeuropiumna 1900, nke mbụ kọwara ahịrị dị nkọ na ụdịdị dị iche iche nke Eu3+ na ngwọta. Na 1909, Urban kọwara cathodoluminescence nkeGd2O3: Eu3+. Na 1920, Prandtl bu ụzọ bipụta ụdị mmịpụta nke Eu3+, na-akwado ihe De Mare kwuru. The absorption spectrum nke Eu3+ ka egosiri na Figure 1. Eu3+ na-adịkarị na C2 orbital iji kwado mgbanwe nke electrons site na 5D0 ruo 7F2 ọkwa, si otú ahụ na-ahapụ red fluorescence. Eu3+ nwere ike nweta mgbanwe site na eletrọn steeti ala gaa na ọkwa ike steeti nwere obi ụtọ kacha ala n'ime oke nfe ọkụ a na-ahụ anya. N'okpuru mkpali nke ọkụ ultraviolet, Eu3 + na-egosipụta fotoluminescence na-acha uhie uhie siri ike. Ụdị photoluminescence a abụghị naanị na Eu3+ ions doped na kristal substrates ma ọ bụ iko, kamakwa na ogige ndị ejiri ya rụọ ọrụ.europiumna organic ligands. Njikọ ndị a nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka antennas iji nweta ọkụ ọkụ na-ebufe ume ume na ọkwa ume dị elu nke Eu3 + ions. Ngwa kachasị mkpa nkeeuropiumbụ ntụ ntụ fluorescent na-acha uhie uhieY2O3: Eu3+ (YOX) bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke oriọna fluorescent. Enwere ike nweta mkpali ọkụ na-acha uhie uhie nke Eu3 + ọ bụghị naanị site na ọkụ ultraviolet, kamakwa site na beam elektrọn (cathodoluminescence), X-ray γ Radiation α ma ọ bụ β Particle, electroluminescence, frictional ma ọ bụ igwe luminescence, na ụzọ chemiluminescence. N'ihi akụrụngwa luminescent ya bara ụba, ọ bụ nyocha ihe gbasara ndụ a na-ejikarị na ngalaba nke biomedical ma ọ bụ sayensị ndu. N'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ọ kpalitere mmasị nyocha nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ndị omempụ na ndị ọrụ nkà na ụzụ na nkà mmụta sayensị na-ahụ maka nkà mmụta sayensị, na-enye nhọrọ dị mma iji mebie njedebe nke usoro ntụ ntụ omenala maka igosipụta mkpịsị aka, ma nwee ihe dị ịrịba ama n'ịkwalite ọdịiche ahụ, uche, na nhọrọ nke ngosi akara mkpịsị aka.
Ọgụgụ 1 Eu3+ Absorption Spectrogram
1, luminescence ụkpụrụ nkeobere ụwa europiumogige
Ala ala na obi ụtọ ala eletrọnịkị nhazi nkeeuropiumion bụ ma ụdị 4fn. N'ihi na magburu onwe ọta mmetụta nke s na d orbitals gburugburueuropiumions na 4f orbitals, ff ntụgharị nkeeuropiumions na-egosipụta eriri ahịrị dị nkọ yana ogologo oge ndụ ọ na-enwu. Otú ọ dị, n'ihi obere photoluminescence arụmọrụ nke europium ion na ultraviolet na ìhè a na-ahụ anya, a na-eji ligands organic na-emepụta ogige.europiumions iji melite ọnụọgụ nnabata nke ultraviolet na mpaghara ọkụ a na-ahụ anya. The fluorescence emipụtara siteeuropiummgbagwoju ọ bụghị nanị na nwere uru pụrụ iche nke elu fluorescence ike na elu fluorescence ịdị ọcha, ma nwekwara ike mma site tinye n'ọrụ elu absorption arụmọrụ nke organic ogige na ultraviolet na anya ìhè mpaghara. The mkpali ike chọrọ makaeuropiumion photoluminescence dị elu Ekike nke obere fluorescence arụmọrụ. E nwere isi ihe abụọ bụ isi luminescence ụkpụrụ nkeobere ụwa europiummgbagwoju: otu bụ photoluminescence, nke chọrọ njikọ nkeeuropiumogige; Akụkụ ọzọ bụ na mmetụta antenna nwere ike melite uche nkeeuropiumion luminescence.
Mgbe obi ụtọ site na ultraviolet mpụga ma ọ bụ ìhè a na-ahụ anya, ligand organic naobere ụwamgbanwe mgbagwoju anya site na steeti ala S0 gaa na steeti singlet nwere obi ụtọ. Eletrọn steeti nwere obi ụtọ anaghị akwụsi ike wee laghachi na steeti ala S0 site na radieshon, na-ewepụta ike maka ligand na-ebunye fluorescence, ma ọ bụ na-amali elu na steeti atọ ya nwere obi ụtọ T1 ma ọ bụ T2 site n'ụzọ na-abụghị radiative; Steeti nwere obi ụtọ atọ na-ahapụ ike site na radieshon iji mepụta ligand phosphorescence, ma ọ bụ bufee ike nametal europiumions site na nnyefe ike intramolecular na-adịghị radiative; Mgbe enwere obi ụtọ, ions europium na-agbanwe site na ala ala na steeti obi ụtọ, naeuropiumions na ọnọdụ obi ụtọ na-agbanwe na ọkwa ume dị ala, n'ikpeazụ na-alaghachi na ala ala, na-ahapụ ike na ịmepụta fluorescence. Ya mere, site na iwebata ligands organic kwesịrị ekwesị ka ya na ya na-emekọrịta iheobere ụwaion ma mee ka ion ọla dị n'etiti pụta ìhè site na mbufe ike na-adịghị radiative n'ime ụmụ irighiri ihe, enwere ike ịbawanye mmetụta fluorescence nke ion ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe na enwere ike ibelata ihe achọrọ maka ike mkpali mpụga. A maara ihe a dị ka mmetụta antenna nke ligands. E gosipụtara eserese ọkwa ike nke nnyefe ike na Eu3+ mgbagwoju anya na eserese 2.
N'ime usoro mbufe ume site na steeti obi ụtọ atọ ruo Eu3+, a na-achọ ọkwa ume nke ligand triplet nwere obi ụtọ ka ọ dị elu karịa ma ọ bụ kwekọọ n'ogo ike nke steeti Eu3+ nwere obi ụtọ. Mana mgbe ume ike atọ nke ligand dị ukwuu karịa ike steeti nwere obi ụtọ nke Eu3+, a ga-ebelatakwa ike nnyefe ike. Mgbe ọdịiche dị n'etiti steeti atọ nke ligand na nke kacha nwee obi ụtọ nke Eu3+ dị ntakịrị, ike ọkụ ọkụ ga-ada mbà n'ihi mmetụta nke nkwụsị ọkụ ọkụ nke steeti atọ nke ligand. β- ogige Diketone nwere uru nke ọnụọgụ nnabata UV siri ike, ikike nhazi siri ike, nnyefe ike dị mma yanaobere ụwas, ma nwee ike ịdị n'ụdị siri ike na nke mmiri mmiri, na-eme ka ha bụrụ otu n'ime njikọ ndị a na-ejikarị eme iheobere ụwaogige.
Ọgụgụ 2 Eserese ọkwa ike nke nnyefe ike na Eu3+ mgbagwoju anya
2.Synthesis Method nkeỤwa Europe dị ụkọMgbagwoju anya
2.1 Usoro njikọ steeti siri ike dị elu
Usoro steeti siri ike nke okpomọkụ dị elu bụ usoro a na-ejikarị akwadebeobere ụwaihe na-egbuke egbuke, ma a na-ejikwa ya eme ihe na mmepụta ụlọ ọrụ. Usoro njikọ steeti siri ike nke okpomọkụ dị elu bụ mmeghachi omume nke oghere okwu siri ike n'okpuru ọnọdụ okpomọkụ dị elu (800-1500 ℃) iji mepụta ogige ọhụrụ site na ịgbasa ma ọ bụ ibuga atom ma ọ bụ ion siri ike. A na-eji usoro siri ike nke okpomọkụ dị elu mee ihe iji kwadebeobere ụwaogige. Nke mbụ, a na-agwakọta ndị na-eme ihe n'ụzọ ụfọdụ, a na-etinyekwa mmiri mmiri kwesịrị ekwesị na ngwa agha maka ịkụcha nke ọma iji hụ na agwakọta otu. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a na-etinye ndị na-eme ihe n'ala n'ime ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ maka calcination. N'oge usoro calcination, oxidation, mbelata, ma ọ bụ gas inert nwere ike mejupụta dịka mkpa nke usoro nnwale ahụ siri dị. Mgbe calcination dị elu gachara, a na-emepụta matriks nwere usoro kristal, na ion ndị na-eme ihe na-adịghị ahụkebe na-agbakwunye na ya ka ọ bụrụ etiti luminescent. Mgbagwoju ahụ agbadoro kwesịrị ka ọ dị jụụ, nchacha, ihicha, ihicha ọzọ, nyochagharị, na nyocha n'ime ụlọ okpomọkụ iji nweta ngwaahịa a. N'ozuzu, a chọrọ ọtụtụ usoro egweri na calcination. Otutu egweri nwere ike mee ka mmeghachi omume dị ngwa ngwa ma mee ka mmeghachi omume zuru oke. Nke a bụ n'ihi na egweri usoro na-abawanye na kọntaktị mpaghara nke reactants, ukwuu mma mgbasa na njem ọsọ nke ion na ụmụ irighiri ihe na reactants, si otú na-emeziwanye mmeghachi omume arụmọrụ. Otú ọ dị, oge calcination dị iche iche na okpomọkụ ga-enwe mmetụta na nhazi nke matriks kristal kpụrụ.
Usoro steeti siri ike dị elu nwere uru nke ọrụ usoro dị mfe, ọnụ ala dị ala, na obere oge oriri, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ teknụzụ nkwadebe tozuru okè. Otú ọ dị, isi ihe ndọghachi azụ nke usoro ihe siri ike nke okpomọkụ dị elu bụ: nke mbụ, okpomọkụ mmeghachi omume achọrọ dị oke elu, nke na-achọ ngwá ọrụ dị elu na ngwá ọrụ, na-eri ike dị elu, ma sie ike ịchịkwa morphology crystal. Ụdị ọdịdị ngwaahịa ahụ na-ezighị ezi, na ọbụna na-eme ka ọnọdụ kristal mebie, na-emetụta arụmọrụ luminescence. Nke abuo, ezughị oke egweri na-eme ka o siere ndị reactants ike ịgwakọta evenly, na kristal ahụ dịtụ ibu. N'ihi akwụkwọ ntuziaka ma ọ bụ igwe igwe, a na-agwakọta adịghị ọcha iji metụta luminescence, na-ebute ịdị ọcha ngwaahịa dị ala. Okwu nke atọ bụ ngwa mkpuchi na-enweghị isi na njupụta adịghị mma n'oge usoro ngwa. Lai et al. synthesized a usoro nke Sr5 (PO4) 3Cl otu-phase polychromatic fluorescent powders doped na Eu3+ na Tb3+ na-eji omenala elu okpomọkụ usoro siri ike steeti. N'okpuru mkpali ultraviolet dị nso, ntụ ntụ fluorescent nwere ike gbanwee ụcha luminescence nke phosphor site na mpaghara acha anụnụ anụnụ gaa na mpaghara akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ dabere na ntinye doping, na-eme ka ntụpọ nke ndeksi na-enye obere agba na agba agba dị elu na diodes na-acha ọcha. . Oke ike oriri bụ isi nsogbu na njikọ nke borophosphate dabeere fluorescent powders site elu okpomọkụ siri ike usoro. Ugbu a, ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta na-agba mbọ ịzụlite na ịchọ matrices dabara adaba iji dozie nsogbu oriri ume dị elu nke usoro steeti siri ike nke okpomọkụ. Na 2015, Hasegawa et al. mezuru nhazi steeti siri ike dị ala nke Li2NaBP2O8 (LNBP) site na iji otu oghere P1 nke sistemu triclin maka oge mbụ. Na 2020, Zhu et al. kọrọ ụzọ njikọ steeti siri ike dị ala dị ala maka akwụkwọ akụkọ Li2NaBP2O8: Eu3+(LNBP: Eu) phosphor, na-enyocha oriri ike dị ala na ụzọ njikọ ọnụ dị ọnụ ala maka phosphor inorganic.
2.2 Co usoro mmiri ozuzo
Usoro mmiri ozuzo bụkwa nke a na-ejikarị "usoro kemịkalụ dị nro" maka ịkwadebe ihe ọkụkụ na-adịghị ahụkebe ụwa. The co ọdịda usoro na-agụnye na-agbakwụnye a precipitant na reactant, nke reacts na cations na onye ọ bụla reactant na-etolite a precipitate ma ọ bụ hydrolyzes ndị reactant n'okpuru ụfọdụ ọnọdụ na-etolite oxides, hydroxides, insoluble salts, wdg. Ezubere iche ngwaahịa na-enweta site filtration. ịsacha, ihicha, na usoro ndị ọzọ. Uru nke usoro mmiri ozuzo bụ ọrụ dị mfe, obere oge oriri, obere ume ike, yana ịdị ọcha ngwaahịa dị elu. Uru ya kacha pụta ìhè bụ na obere akụkụ ya nwere ike ịmepụta nanocrystals ozugbo. Ihe ndọghachi azụ nke usoro mmiri ozuzo bụ: nke mbụ, ihe nchịkọta ngwaahịa ngwaahịa enwetara siri ike, nke na-emetụta arụmọrụ luminescent nke ihe fluorescent; Nke abuo, ọdịdị nke ngwaahịa ahụ edoghị anya ma sie ike ịchịkwa; Nke atọ, e nwere ụfọdụ chọrọ maka nhọrọ nke akụrụngwa, na mmiri ozuzo ọnọdụ n'etiti onye ọ bụla reactant kwesịrị ka yiri ma ọ bụ yiri ka o kwere mee, nke na-adịghị adabara ngwa nke multiple usoro components. K. Petcharoen et al. synthesized sppherical magnetite nanoparticles na-eji ammonium hydroxide dị ka ụzọ precipitant na chemical co mmiri ozuzo. E webatara Acetic acid na oleic acid dị ka ihe mkpuchi n'oge ọkwa mbụ nke crystallization, na nha nke nanoparticles magnetite na-achịkwa n'ime oke nke 1-40nm site n'ịgbanwe okpomọkụ. The ọma achụsasịrị magnetite nanoparticles na aqueous ngwọta e nwetara site n'elu mgbanwe, na-eme ka agglomeration onu nke ahụ na co ọdịda usoro. Kee et al. tụnyere mmetụta nke usoro hydrothermal na usoro mmiri ozuzo na ọdịdị, nhazi, na nha nke Eu-CSH. Ha rụtụrụ aka na usoro hydrothermal na-emepụta nanoparticles, ebe usoro mmiri ozuzo na-emepụta ụmụ irighiri submicron prismatic. E jiri ya tụnyere usoro mmiri ozuzo, usoro hydrothermal na-egosiputa kristal dị elu na ike fotoluminescence ka mma na nkwadebe nke Eu-CSH ntụ ntụ. JK Han et al. mepụtara usoro mmiri ozuzo akwụkwọ akụkọ site na iji ihe mgbaze na-abụghị mmiri mmiri N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) iji kwadebe (Ba1-xSrx) 2SiO4: Eu2 phosphor nwere nkesa nha dị warara na arụmọrụ dị elu dị nso na nano ma ọ bụ nha submicron. DMF nwere ike ibelata mmeghachi omume polymerization ma belata mmeghachi omume mmeghachi omume n'oge usoro mmiri ozuzo, na-enyere aka igbochi nchịkọta ihe.
2.3 Hydrothermal/usoro mgbaze thermal njikọ
Usoro hydrothermal malitere n'etiti narị afọ nke 19 mgbe ndị ọkà mmụta banyere mbara ala mere ka ihe ndị e kere eke na-emepụta ihe. Na mmalite narị afọ nke 20, tiori ji nke nta nke nta tozuo oke ma bụrụkwa otu n'ime ụzọ kemịkalụ ngwọta kachasị mma. Usoro hydrothermal bụ usoro nke a na-eji mmiri vapor ma ọ bụ ngwọta mmiri dị ka usoro (iji ebufe ions na molecular dị iche iche na ịnyefe nrụgide) iji rute ọnọdụ subcritical ma ọ bụ nke dị elu na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ dị elu na nnukwu nrụgide mechiri emechi (nke mbụ nwere. okpomọkụ nke 100-240 ℃, mgbe nke ikpeazụ nwere okpomọkụ ruo 1000 ℃), mee ngwangwa mmeghachi omume hydrolysis nke akụrụngwa, na n'okpuru convection siri ike, ion na molecular dị iche iche na-agbasa na obere okpomọkụ maka recrystallization. Okpomọkụ, uru pH, oge mmeghachi omume, ntinye uche, na ụdị precursor n'oge usoro hydrolysis na-emetụta ọnụego mmeghachi omume, ọdịdị kristal, ọdịdị, nhazi, na uto uto na ogo dị iche iche. Mmụba nke okpomọkụ ọ bụghị nanị na-eme ka mgbasa nke akụrụngwa dịkwuo ngwa ngwa, kamakwa ọ na-abawanye nkukota dị mma nke ụmụ irighiri ihe iji kwalite nhazi kristal. Ọnụego uto dị iche iche nke ụgbọ elu kristal ọ bụla na kristal pH bụ isi ihe na-emetụta akụkụ kristal, nha, na morphology. Ogologo oge mmeghachi omume na-emetụtakwa uto kristal, na ogologo oge, otú ahụ ka ọ dị mma maka uto kristal.
A na-egosipụtakarị uru nke usoro hydrothermal na: nke mbụ, ịdị ọcha kristal dị elu, enweghị mmetọ adịghị ọcha, nkesa nha nha dị warara, mkpụrụ dị elu, na ọdịdị ngwaahịa dị iche iche; Nke abụọ bụ na usoro ọrụ ahụ dị mfe, ọnụ ahịa dị ala, na ike oriri dị ala. Ọtụtụ n'ime mmeghachi omume na-eme na gburugburu ebe okpomọkụ dị ala, na ọnọdụ mmeghachi omume dị mfe ịchịkwa. Ngwa ngwa dị obosara ma nwee ike izute ihe ndị chọrọ nkwadebe nke ụdị ihe dị iche iche; Nke atọ, nrụgide nke mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi dị ala ma ọ dịtụ enyi na ahụike nke ndị ọrụ. Ihe ndọghachi azụ ya bụ na ihe mmalite nke mmeghachi omume na-adị mfe site na pH gburugburu ebe obibi, okpomọkụ, na oge, na ngwaahịa ahụ nwere obere ikuku oxygen.
Usoro solvothermal na-eji ihe mgbaze organic dị ka mmeghachi omume mmeghachi omume, na-agbasawanye ngwa ngwa nke ụzọ hydrothermal. N'ihi ọdịiche dị ịrịba ama nke anụ ahụ na nke kemịkal dị n'etiti ihe mgbaze organic na mmiri, usoro mmeghachi omume dị mgbagwoju anya, ọdịdị, nhazi na nha nke ngwaahịa ahụ dị iche iche. Nallappan et al. kristal MoOx synthesized nwere ụdị dị iche iche sitere na mpempe akwụkwọ gaa na nanorod site na ijikwa oge mmeghachi omume nke usoro hydrothermal site na iji sodium dialkyl sulfate dị ka onye na-eduzi kristal. Diawen Hu et al. Ngwakọta agwakọta nke sitere na polyoxymolybdenum cobalt (CoPMA) na UiO-67 ma ọ bụ nwere otu bipyridyl (UiO-bpy) site na iji usoro solvothermal site na ịkwalite ọnọdụ njikọ.
2.4 Sol gel usoro
Sol gel bụ usoro ọdịnala ọdịnala iji kwadebe ihe ndị na-arụ ọrụ inorganic, nke a na-ejikarị na nkwadebe nke nanomaterials metal. N'afọ 1846, Elbelmen jiri ụzọ a kwadebe SiO2 nke mbụ, mana ojiji ya etobeghị. Usoro nkwadebe bụ tumadi ịgbakwunye obere ion activator ụwa na mmeghachi omume mmeghachi omume mbụ iji mee ka ihe mgbaze na-agbanwe ka ọ bụrụ gel, na gel a kwadebere na-enweta ngwaahịa ezubere iche mgbe ọgwụgwọ okpomọkụ gasịrị. phosphor nke usoro sol gel na-emepụta nwere ọdịdị ọdịdị dị mma na njirimara nhazi, na ngwaahịa ahụ nwere obere nha nha anya otu, mana ọ dị mkpa imeziwanye ìhè ya. Usoro nkwadebe nke usoro sol-gel dị mfe ma dị mfe ịrụ ọrụ, okpomọkụ mmeghachi omume dị ala, na arụmọrụ nchekwa dị elu, ma oge dị ogologo, na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọgwụgwọ ọ bụla dị oke. Gaponenko et al. kwadebere amorphous BaTiO3 / SiO2 multilayer Ọdịdị site centrifugation na okpomọkụ ọgwụgwọ Sol-gel usoro na ezi transmissivity na refractive index, na rụtụrụ aka na refractive index nke BaTiO3 film ga-abawanye na-abawanye nke sol ịta. N'afọ 2007, ndị ọrụ nyocha Liu L weghaara nnukwu fluorescent na ọkụ siri ike Eu3+metal ion/sensitizer complex na silica based nanocomposites na doped dry gel site na iji usoro sol gel. N'ọtụtụ ngwakọta nke ụdị dị iche iche nke ihe mmetụta ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe na silica nanoporous ndebiri, iji 1,10-phenanthroline (OP) sensitizer na tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) template na-enye ihe kacha mma fluorescence doped akọrọ gel iji nwalee spectral Njirimara nke Eu3+.
2.5 Usoro njikọ Microwave
Usoro njikọ Microwave bụ usoro njikọ kemịkalụ ọhụrụ na-enweghị mmetọ na-enweghị mmetọ ma e jiri ya tụnyere usoro steeti siri ike nke okpomọkụ, nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe na njikọ ihe, karịsịa na ngalaba nke nanomaterial synthesis, na-egosi ọganihu mmepe dị mma. Microwave bụ ebili mmiri eletrọnịkị nwere ogologo ogologo n'etiti 1nn na 1m. Usoro Microwave bụ usoro nke microscopic ụmụ irighiri ihe dị n'ime ihe mmalite na-enweta polarization n'okpuru mmetụta nke ike ikuku electromagnetic. Ka ntụziaka nke igwe eletriki igwe eletrik na-agbanwe, ntụgharị na nhazi nhazi nke dipoles na-agbanwe na-aga n'ihu. Nzaghachi hysteresis nke dipoles, yana ngbanwe nke ike ọkụ nke onwe ha na-enweghị mkpa nkukota, esemokwu, na ọnwụ dielectric n'etiti atom na ụmụ irighiri ihe, na-enweta mmetụta ọkụ. N'ihi na eziokwu na ngwa ndakwa nri kpo oku nwere ike uniformly ikpo dum mmeghachi omume usoro na-eduzi ume ngwa ngwa, si otú na-akwalite ọganihu nke organic Jeremaya mere, tụnyere omenala nkwadebe ụzọ, ngwa ndakwa nri njikọ usoro nwere uru nke ngwa ngwa mmeghachi omume ọsọ, green nchekwa, obere na edo. ihe urughuru size, na elu na-adọ ịdị ọcha. Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ akụkọ ugbu a na-eji ngwa ndakwa nri dị ka carbon ntụ ntụ, Fe3O4, na MnO2 iji nye okpomọkụ maka mmeghachi omume ahụ n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè. Ihe ndị microwaves na-etinye n'ụzọ dị mfe ma nwee ike ịgbalite ndị na-emegharị ihe n'onwe ha chọrọ nyocha ọzọ. Liu et al. jikọtara usoro mmiri ozuzo na usoro ngwa ndakwa nri iji mejupụta spinel dị ọcha LiMn2O4 nwere morphology porous na ezigbo akụrụngwa.
2.6 Usoro nsure ọkụ
Usoro ọkụ ọkụ na-adabere na usoro ikpo ọkụ ọdịnala, nke na-eji ihe ọkụ ọkụ na-emepụta ihe ezubere iche iji mepụta ngwaahịa a na-achọsi ike mgbe a kpochapụrụ ihe ngwọta na nkụ. Igwe gas na-emepụta site na combustion nke ihe ndị dị ndụ nwere ike belata ihe omume agglomeration nke ọma. E jiri ya tụnyere usoro kpo oku siri ike, ọ na-ebelata ike ike ma dị mma maka ngwaahịa ndị nwere obere mmeghachi omume okpomọkụ chọrọ. Otú ọ dị, usoro mmeghachi omume na-achọ ka mgbakwunye nke ogige organic, nke na-abawanye ọnụ ahịa. Usoro a nwere obere ikike nhazi na ọ dịghị mma maka mmepụta mmepụta ihe. Ngwaahịa a na-emepụta site na usoro combustion nwere obere ihe na-edozi ahụ, ma n'ihi usoro mmeghachi omume dị mkpirikpi, enwere ike ịnwe kristal na-ezughị ezu, nke na-emetụta arụmọrụ luminescence nke kristal. Anning et al. jiri La2O3, B2O3, na Mg mee ihe dị ka ihe mmalite ma jiri nnu na-enyere aka nchịkọta combustion na-emepụta LaB6 ntụ ntụ na batches na obere oge.
3. Ngwa nkeobere ụwa europiumogige na mmepe akara mkpịsị aka
Ụzọ ngosi ntụ ntụ bụ otu n'ime ụzọ ngosi akara mkpịsị aka kacha ochie na omenala. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, enwere ike kewaa ntụ ntụ na-egosipụta akara mkpịsị aka ụzọ atọ: ntụ ntụ ọdịnala, dị ka ntụ ntụ magnetik nke nwere ezigbo ígwè ntụ ntụ na carbon ntụ ntụ; Uzuzu ọla, dị ka ntụ ntụ ọla edo,ọlaọcha ntụ ntụ, na ntụ ntụ ígwè ndị ọzọ nwere usoro netwọk; Fluorescent ntụ ntụ. Otú ọ dị, ntụ ntụ omenala na-enwekarị ihe isi ike dị ukwuu n'igosipụta mkpịsị aka ma ọ bụ mkpịsị aka ochie na ihe ndabere dị mgbagwoju anya, ma nwee mmetụta na-egbu egbu na ahụike nke ndị ọrụ. N'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ndị ọrụ sayensị na teknụzụ ndị omekome enweela mmasị na ntinye nke nano fluorescent ihe maka ngosi akara mkpịsị aka. N'ihi njirimara luminescent pụrụ iche nke Eu3 + yana ngwa zuru ebe niileobere ụwaihe ndi ozo,obere ụwa europiumỌbụlagodi na ụlọ ọrụ aghọọla ebe nyocha n'ọhịa sayensị nyocha, mana na-enyekwa echiche nyocha sara mbara maka ngosipụta akara mkpịsị aka. Agbanyeghị, Eu3 + na mmiri mmiri ma ọ bụ ihe siri ike nwere arụmọrụ nnabata ọkụ na-adịghị mma ma ọ dị mkpa ijikọ ya na ligands iji mee ka ọ mara ma na-ebunye ọkụ, na-eme ka Eu3 + gosipụta ihe ndị na-enwu ọkụ na-adịgide adịgide. Ugbu a, ndị na-ejikarị ligands tumadi gụnyere β- Diketones, carboxylic acid na carboxylate salts, organic polymers, supramolecular macrocycles, wdg Na na-omimi nnyocha na ngwa nke.obere ụwa europiumOgwu, achọpụtara na na gburugburu iru mmiri, ịma jijiji nke nhazi nke mkpụrụ ndụ H2O naeuropiummgbagwoju nwere ike ime ka luminescence quenching. Ya mere, iji nweta nhọrọ ka mma na ọdịiche siri ike na ngosipụta mkpịsị aka mkpịsị aka, ọ dị mkpa ka a na-eme mgbalị iji mụọ otu esi emeziwanye okpomọkụ na nkwụsi ike nke igwe.europiumogige.
Na 2007, otu nyocha nke Liu L bụ ndị ọsụ ụzọ webataeuropiummgbagwoju n'ime ubi nke akara mkpịsị aka ngosi maka oge mbụ n'ụlọ na ná mba ọzọ. Enwere ike iji igwe na-enwu ọkụ na ọkụ ọkụ Eu3 + metal ion / sensitizer nke ejiri usoro sol gel mee ihe maka ịchọpụta akara mkpịsị aka n'ihe dị iche iche metụtara nyocha, gụnyere foil ọla edo, iko, plastik, akwụkwọ nwere agba na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ. Nnyocha nyocha webatara usoro nkwadebe, UV/Vis spectra, njirimara fluorescence, na akara akara mkpịsị aka nke ọhụrụ Eu3+/OP/TEOS nanocomposites.
Na 2014, Seung Jin Ryu et al. bu ụzọ mepụta Eu3+ mgbagwoju anya ([EuCl2 (Phen) 2 (H2O) 2] Cl · H2O) site na hexahydrate.europium chloride(EuCl3 · 6H2O) na 1-10 phenanthroline (Phen). Site na mmeghachi omume mgbanwe ion n'etiti ion sodium interlayer naeuropiumion mgbagwoju, intercalated nano ngwakọ ogige (Eu (Phen) 2) 3+ - synthesized lithium ncha nkume na Eu (Phen) 2) 3+ - eke montmorillonite). N'okpuru mkpali nke oriọna UV na ogologo nke 312nm, ụlọ abụọ ahụ abụghị naanị na-edobe ihe ngosi fotoluminescence e ji mara ya, ma nweekwa okpomọkụ dị elu, kemịkalụ, na nkwụsi ike nke igwe ma e jiri ya tụnyere Eu3 + mgbagwoju anya. Otú ọ dị, n'ihi enweghị ion adịghị ọcha emenyụ. dị ka ígwè dị na isi ahụ nke lithium soapstone, [Eu (Phen) 2] 3+- Lithium soapstone nwere ike luminescence dị mma karịa [Eu (Phen) 2] 3+- montmorillonite, akara mkpisiaka na-egosi ahịrị doro anya yana ọdịiche siri ike na ndabere. Na 2016, V Sharma et al. synthesized strontium aluminate (SrAl2O4: Eu2 +, Dy3 +) nano fluorescent ntụ ntụ na-eji usoro combustion. Ntụ ntụ dabara adaba maka ngosipụta mkpịsị aka ọhụrụ na nke ochie na ihe ndị na-adịghị agafe agafe na ihe ndị na-adịghị agafe agafe dị ka akwụkwọ agba nkịtị, akwụkwọ nkwakọ ngwaahịa, foil aluminum, na diski anya. Ọ bụghị naanị na ọ na-egosipụta mmetụta dị elu na nhọrọ nhọrọ, kamakwa ọ nwere àgwà siri ike ma na-adịte aka mgbe e mesịrị. Na 2018, Wang et al. akwadoro CaS nanoparticles (ESM-CaS-NP) doped naeuropium, samarium, na manganese nwere nkezi dayameta nke 30nm. A na-ejikọta nanoparticles na amphiphilic ligands, na-enye ha ohere ka a na-agbasasị ha n'otu n'otu na mmiri na-enweghị na-efunahụ arụmọrụ ha; Co mgbanwe nke ESM-CaS-NP elu na 1-dodecylthiol na 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (Arg-DT) / MUA@ESM-CaS NPs ọma dozie nsogbu nke fluorescence quenching na mmiri na urughuru mkpokọta kpatara urughuru hydrolysis na nano fluorescent. ntụ ntụ. Uzuzu fluorescent a abụghị naanị na-egosipụta akara mkpịsị aka nwere ike na ihe ndị dị ka foil aluminum, plastic, glass, na ceramic tiles nwere mmetụta dị elu, kamakwa ọ nwere ọtụtụ isi mmalite ọkụ na-akpali akpali na ọ dịghị achọ akụrụngwa mmịpụta ihe oyiyi dị oke ọnụ iji gosipụta akara mkpịsị aka. N'otu afọ ahụ, otu nyocha nke Wang chịkọtara usoro nke ternaryeuropiummgbagwoju [Eu (m-MA) 3 (o-Phen)] na-eji ortho, meta, na p-methylbenzoic acid dị ka nke mbụ ligand na ortho phenanthroline dị ka nke abụọ ligand na-eji usoro mmiri ozuzo. N'okpuru irradiation ọkụ ultraviolet 245nm, enwere ike igosipụta akara mkpisi aka n'ihe dịka plastik na ụghalaahịa. Na 2019, Sung Jun Park et al. synthesized YBO3: Ln3+(Ln=Eu, Tb) phosphor site na usoro solvothermal, na-emeziwanye nchọpụta mkpịsị aka nwere ike ime yana ibelata ndabichi ụkpụrụ ndabere. Na 2020, Prabakaran et al. mepụtara fluorescent Na [Eu (5,50 DMBP) (phen) 3] · Cl3/D-Dextrose mejupụtara, na-eji EuCl3 · 6H20 dị ka ihe mbụ. Na [Eu (5,5 '- DMBP) (phen) 3] Cl3 e synthesized iji Phen na 5,5′ – DMBP site a na-ekpo ọkụ mgbaze usoro, na mgbe ahụ Na [Eu (5,5 '- DMBP) (phen) 3] Cl3 na D-Dextrose ejiri mee ihe dị ka ihe mmalite iji mepụta Na [Eu (5,50 DMBP) (phen) 3] · Cl3 site na usoro mgbasa ozi. 3/D-Dextrose mgbagwoju. Site na nnwale, ihe mejupụtara ahụ nwere ike igosipụta akara mkpịsị aka nke ọma na ihe ndị dị ka okpu karama rọba, iko na ego South Africa n'okpuru mkpali nke ìhè anyanwụ 365nm ma ọ bụ ìhè ultraviolet, yana ọdịiche dị elu yana arụmọrụ fluorescence kwụsie ike. Na 2021, Dan Zhang et al. Haziri nke ọma na mekọrịta akwụkwọ akụkọ hexanuclear Eu3 + mgbagwoju Eu6 (PPA) 18CTP-TPY nwere saịtị njikọ isii, nke nwere ezigbo nkwụsi ike ọkụ ọkụ ọkụ (<50 ℃) ma enwere ike iji ya mee ihe ngosi akara mkpịsị aka. Agbanyeghị, ọ dị mkpa ịnwale ọzọ iji chọpụta ụdị ndị ọbịa ya kwesịrị ekwesị. Na 2022, L Brini et al. nke ọma synthesized Eu: Y2Sn2O7 fluorescent ntụ ntụ site na usoro mmiri ozuzo na ọgwụgwọ ọzọ na-egweri, nke nwere ike ikpughe akara mkpịsị aka nwere ike na osisi na ihe ndị a na-apụghị imeri emeri. -shell ụdị nanofluorescence ihe onwunwe, nke nwere ike igba red fluorescence n'okpuru 254nm ultraviolet excitation na-egbuke egbuke akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ fluorescence n'okpuru 980nm nso-infrared mkpali, na-enweta ihu abụọ mode ngosi nke mkpisiaka nwere ike na ọbịa. Ngosipụta akara mkpisiaka nwere ike na ihe dị ka taịlị seramiiki, mpempe akwụkwọ plastik, alloys aluminum, RMB, na akwụkwọ edemede nwere agba na-egosipụta mmetụta dị elu, nhọrọ nhọrọ, ọdịiche, na nguzogide siri ike na nnyonye anya azụ.
4 Outlook
Na-adịbeghị anya, nnyocha naobere ụwa europiumIhe mgbagwoju anya adọtala nlebara anya nke ukwuu, n'ihi njirimara ngwa anya ha na magnetik dị mma dị ka ike ọkụ dị elu, ịdị ọcha dị elu, ogologo oge ndụ ogologo oge ndụ, nnukwu ume ike na oghere ikuku, na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị warara. Site na nyocha miri emi nke ihe ndị dị n'ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe, ngwa ha n'akụkụ dị iche iche dị ka ọkụ na ngosipụta, bioscience, agriculture, ndị agha, ụlọ ọrụ ozi eletrọnịkị, nnyefe ozi anya, fluorescence mgbochi adịgboroja, nchọpụta fluorescence, wdg na-agbasawanye ebe niile. Ngwa anya Njirimara nkeeuropiumogige ndị mara mma, na mpaghara ngwa ha na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-agbasa. Otú ọ dị, enweghị nkwụsi ike nke okpomọkụ ha, ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe, na nhazi nhazi ga-egbochi ngwa ha bara uru. Site ugbu a nnyocha ele anya, ngwa nnyocha nke ngwa anya Njirimara nkeeuropiumogige ndị dị na ngalaba sayensị nke forensic kwesịrị ilekwasị anya n'ịkwalite njirimara anya nkeeuropiummgbagwoju anya na idozi nsogbu nke akụkụ fluorescent na-adịkarị mfe nchịkọta na gburugburu iru mmiri, na-ejigide nkwụsi ike na luminescence arụmọrụ nkeeuropiummgbagwoju na ngwọta mmiri. N'oge a, ọganihu nke ọha mmadụ na sayensị na nkà na ụzụ ewepụtala ihe dị elu maka nkwadebe nke ihe ọhụrụ. Mgbe ọ na-egbo mkpa ngwa, ọ kwesịkwara ịgbaso àgwà nke iche iche imewe na ọnụ ala. Ya mere, nyocha ọzọ naeuropiumOgwe ndị dị oke mkpa maka mmepe akụ na ụba ụwa bara ụba nke China na mmepe sayensị na teknụzụ ndị omempụ.
Oge nzipu: Nov-01-2023