Tantalum chloride, nke a na-akpọkarịtantalum chloride(TaCl), bụ ihe ọcha, kristal inorganic nke na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ na eletrọnịkị dị elu. N'ụdị ya dị ọcha (formula TaCl₅) ọ bụ ntụ ntụ ọcha ma na-eje ozi dị ka ihe mmalite maka ọtụtụ kemịkalụ nke tantalum. TaCl₅ na-emeghachi omume nke ukwuu - ọ na-agbanye ngwa ngwa na ikuku iji mepụta tantalum oxychloride na n'ikpeazụ tantalum pentoxide - ya mere a ga-edozi ya mgbe niile n'okpuru.anahydrousọnọdụ (enweghị mmiri). Mmetụta uche nke mmiri pụtara na a na-echekwa TaCl₅ ma na-ebuga ya n'ime akpa akpọchiri akpọchi.
N'isiokwu a, anyị na-enyochaisi okwu abuo: nke mbụ, isi ojiji nke tantalum chloride na ụlọ ọrụ na nyocha; na nke abụọ, ka e si emepụta TaCl₅ ma wepụta ya site na akụrụngwa. Mkparịta ụka a ga-enwe ike ịnweta ndị na-abụghị ọkachamara, yana nkọwa doro anya na aro nke ebe eserese ma ọ bụ tebụl nwere ike inye aka nghọta. Ebe ọ bụla enwere ike, anyị ga-atụ aka na isi mmalite teknụzụ iji hụ na izi ezi, gụnyere ozi sitere na akwụkwọ ngwaahịa ọkachamara.
Isi ojiji nke Tantalum Chloride
Tantalum pentachloride bụ kemịkalụ kemịkalụetitina ihe mkpali. N'ihi na ọ bụ ikeLewis acid(onye na-anabata elektrọn-pair), TaCl₅ na-eji na mmeghachi omume synthetic dị iche iche na usoro ihe. Ụfọdụ igodo ngwa gụnyere:
● Ihe na-eme ka ihe na-akpata organic njikọ:TaCl₅ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe na-emepụta electrophilic dị ka aluminom chloride (AlCl₃). A na-eji ya kwalite mmeghachi omume pụrụ iche, dịka ọmụmaatụ polymerizations ma ọ bụFriedel-ọrụ akaụdị acylations na alkylations. A na-eji ya mee ihe dị ka ihe na-akpali akpali maka polycyclotrimerization nke ụfọdụ alkynes (mmeghachi omume na-emepụta polymer) na ịkwadebe ogige chloro-aryloxide.
● Ihe na-ebute tantalum oxides na oxychlorides:N'ihi na TaCl₅ hydrolyzes na tantalum oxychloride (TaOCl₃) wee banye tantalum pentoxide (Ta₂O₅), a na-ejikarị eme ihe ndị ahụ. Ta₂O₅ bụ isi dielectric oxide ejiri na capacitors na mkpuchi dị elu. Na omume, TaCl₅ nwere ike ịtụgharị (site n'ịgbakwunye mmiri ma ọ bụ amonia) ka ọ bụrụ tantalum oxides dị oke ọcha ma ọ bụ n'ime ammonium oxychloride nke a na-atụgharị na oxides. Ụzọ a bụ otu ihe kpatara TaCl₅ ji bụrụ nri dị mkpa maka ụlọ ọrụ tantalum.
● Nkwanye ihe Semiconductor:N'ime ụlọ ọrụ microelectronics, TaCl₅ a na-eji dị ka gas na-ebu ụzọ maka yaMkpokọta ikuku kemịkalụ (CVD)naNkwenye oyi akwa atomic (ALD)ihe nkiri dị mkpa nke nwere tantalum. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, TaCl₅ vapor nwere ike iji amonia ma ọ bụ plasma mee ihe iji tinye ihe nkiri tantalum nitride (TaN), ihe eji eme ihe dị ka ihe mgbochi mgbasa ma ọ bụ electrode na sekit jikọtara ọnụ. A na-ejikwa ya na-etinye ihe nkiri tantalum pentoxide maka ndị na-emepụta ihe. Nkwụsi ike ya na gburugburu chlorine na-eme ka ọ dị mma maka usoro okpomọkụ ndị a.
● Eletrọnịkị na alloys:N'ikpeazụ, a na-atụgharị ọtụtụ n'ime TaCl₅ emepụtaratantalum metalmaka ojiji na electronic components. Tantalum capacitors – obere capacitors eji na ekwentị mkpanaaka, Laptọọpụ, na ngwa eletrọnịkị ndị ọzọ – na-adabere na Ta₂O₅ dị ọcha (nke sitere na TaCl₅) dị ka dielectric. TaCl₅ n'onwe ya bụ nkume steepụ: enwere ike belata ya (dịka ọmụmaatụ site na sodium ma ọ bụ aluminom) iji mee ka ntụ ntụ tantalum dị mma, nke a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ capacitors na alloys dị elu. Na nkenke, TaCl₅ bụdị oke egwu ime tantalum metalYa mere, na ụlọ ọrụ niile nke tantalum capacitor. (Okpokoro ma ọ bụ eserese mmiri na-achịkọta ntụgharị nke TaCl₅ n'ime ngwaahịa ọla, oxide na nitride nwere ike inyere ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ aka iji anya nke uche hụ ụzọ ndị a.)
Na nchịkọta, a na-eji tantalum pentachloride mee ihe n'ebe ọ bụla achọrọ ogige tantalum dị ọcha ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri. Ọ na-enyere mausoro kemịkalụ organic(dị ka ihe na-akpali akpali na chlorinating agent) naihe usoro(ntinye ihe nkiri, njikọ nke oxides). Dị ka data emeputa si kwuo, TaCl₅ "na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe mmalite maka ogige ụyọkọ octahedral M₆ dị ọhụrụ" ma na-etinye aka n'ime tantalum (V) oxychloride na pentoxide. Ọdịdị electrophilic ya (ịhụnanya eletrọnịkị), nke yiri nke ndị na-akpali akpali dị ka AlCl₃, na-emesi ọrụ ya ike na kemistri dị elu.
Otu esi akwado Tantalum Chloride
Ịmepụta tantalum pentachloride gụnyere chlorinating tantalum n'ụdị ụfọdụ. E nwere ụzọ abụọ bụ isi: chlorination nke tantalum metal, na chlorination nke tantalum ogige (na-emekarị oxides). N'ọnọdụ ọ bụla, a ghaghị ime mmeghachi omume na akọrọ, ikuku oxygen. Usoro ndị bụ isi bụ:
● Chlorination ozugbo nke tantalum ọla:A na-ekpo ọkụ tantalum metal nke kewara nke ọma (na-abụkarị filings ma ọ bụ ntụ ntụ) n'ime iyi gas chlorine. N'ebe okpomọkụ dị gburugburu 170-250 Celsius, chlorine na-emeghachi omume na metal ahụ iji mepụta vapor TaCl₅:
2 Ta+5 Cl2⟶2 TaCl5.2 \, Ta + 5 \, Cl_2 \ ogologo rightarrow 2 \, TaCl_5.
Mmeghachi omume exothermic a na-agbanwe ngwa ngwa metal ka ọ bụrụ chloride. Na omume, a na-etinye tantalum n'ime ọkụ ma ọ bụ reactor na Cl₂ gas na-asọfe ya na okpomọkụ a na-achịkwa. A na-agbanyezi vapor TaCl₅ nke apụta n'ime mmiri mmiri ma ọ bụ siri ike ka ọ na-ajụ oyi. (Usoro metụtara ya na-eji hydrogen chloride gas (HCl) kama Cl₂, mana nke a chọrọ okpomọkụ dị elu - gburugburu 400 Celsius C - iji mee mmeghachi omume ahụ.)
● Chlorination na-apụtaghị ìhè (site na oxides):Ọtụtụ mgbe, ọla tantalum dị ọcha adịghị adị ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụ dị oke ọnụ. Kama nke ahụ, mmadụ nwere ike ibido na tantalum pentoxide (Ta₂O₅), nke na-ejupụta n'ụba ọla. Enwere ike ịtụgharị Ta₂O₅ ka ọ bụrụ TaCl₅ site na iji ihe chlorinating dị ka.thionyl chloride (SOCl₂). Mmeghachi omume bụ:
Ta2O5+5 SOCl2→240∘C2 TaCl5+5 SO2.\text{Ta}_2\text{O}_5 + 5\,SOCl_2 \xrightarrow{240^\circ\text{C}} 2\,TaCl_5 + 5\,SO_2.
Na usoro a, a na-agwakọta Ta₂O₅ siri ike na mmiri mmiri SOCl₂ ma kpoo ọkụ (ihe dịka 240 Celsius). SOCl₂ na-agbanwe oxide nke ọma ka ọ bụrụ chloride, na-emepụta gas sulfur dioxide dị ka ihe sitere na ya. Ụzọ a na-apụtaghị ìhè bara uru mgbe ị na-arụ ọrụ na ntụ ntụ oxide ma nwee ike ịmịpụta TaCl₅ dị ọcha.
Ụzọ abụọ a dị n'elu na-emepụtaTaCl ₅ gas, nke ga-abụrịrịcondensed na ọcha. Na omume, gas nwere chlorine dị jụụ ka TaCl₅ liquefies (ebe esi mmiri ~ 239 Celsius C). A na-ejikarị distillation kewapụ TaCl₅ na adịghị ọcha ọ bụla ma ọ bụ ihe na-esi esi obere. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbe ị na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ nyocha, mmadụ nwere ike ịgafe gas site na ọnyà oyi ma ọ bụ usoro condensers. Mgbe condensation gasịrị, a na-akpọnwụ ngwaahịa ahụ (na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ n'okpuru oghere) iji wepụ mmiri mmiri. Nke a na-ebute ihe siri ike na-acha ọcha dị elu. (Aokpokoroichikota usoro njikọ ndị a - ndepụta reactants, ọnọdụ, na ngwaahịa - nwere ike inye aka tụnyere ụzọ ndị ahụ n'akụkụ n'akụkụ.)
● Mwepụta ụlọ ọrụ sitere na ọla:N'ọtụtụ buru ibu, a na-enwetakarị tantalum site na mineral dị ka tantalite ma ọ bụ coltan, nke nwere ma tantalum na niobium oxides. N'otu usoro mmepụta ihe, a na-ejikọta ihe ndị na-eme ka mmanụ na carbon (coke) na-emeghachi omume na gas chlorine na okpomọkụ dị elu. Carbochlorination a na-eme ka oxides ghọọ chlorides na-agbanwe agbanwe. Na mbụ, ngwakọta nke titanium, niobium, na tantalum chlorides na-etolite ma na-agbakọta na mmiri mmiri a na-akpọ "titanium-niobium-tantalum oxichloride." A na-agbaze mmiri a n'ime akụkụ: nke mbụ titanium tetrachloride (TiCl₄) na-ewepụ (na-esi 136 Celsius C), na-ahapụ ọtụtụ niobium na tantalum chlorides. Ngwakọta nke fọdụrụ na-emewanye chlorinated (ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa) iji gbanwee oxychlorides ọ bụla ka ọ bụrụ pentachlorides. N'ikpeazụ, niobium chloride (NbCl₅) na tantalum chloride (TaCl₅) na-ekewa site na mbelata nke ntakiri, ebe TaCl₅ na-esi na 239 °C na NbCl₅ na 248 Celsius. A na-eme ka nsonaazụ ikpeazụ dị ọcha TaCl₅. A na-eji amonia mmiri emeghachi TaCl₅ a ọtụtụ mgbe iji kpalite ammonium tantalum fluoride ma ọ bụ oxychloride, nke na calcination na-ewepụta Ta₂O₅ ultra-dị ọcha. N'ezie, TaCl₅ na-eje ozi dị ka onye etiti n'ịnụcha tantalum site na ọla ya. Aeserese ngosina-akọwa usoro ndị a - site na raw ore ruo TaCl₅ ruo oxide - ga-aba uru maka ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ iji chepụta usoro mmepụta ihe.
Na nchịkọta, tantalum chloride na-emepụta site na halogenation nke tantalum metal ma ọ bụ ogige. Chlorination ozugbo nke Ta metal na Cl₂ bụ ụzọ ụlọ nyocha kachasị mfe, ebe usoro mmepụta ihe na-ejikarị chlorination dị elu nke tantalum oxide na carbon (carbochlorination) ma ọ bụ yana ndị ọrụ chlorinating ndị ọzọ. A na-agbakọ TaCl₅ gas na-ekpo ọkụ wee mee ka ọ dị ọcha. N'ụzọ doro anya, otu ndetu teknụzụ nke onye nrụpụta na-ekwusi ike na a na-eji TaCl₅ mee ihe na “chlorination nke ihe ndị sitere n'okike” yana dịka “kemịkalụ kemịkalụ” n'imepụta ọla tantalum dị ọcha, na-egosipụta ọrụ ya dị ka ma reagent na isi etiti.
Nchịkọta
Tantalum chloride(TaCl₅) bụ isi kemịkalụ kemịkalụ na ụlọ ọrụ tantalum. A na-eji ya eme ihe dị ka ammalite iheime ka ndị ọzọ tantalum ogige (oxides, nitrides, ọla) na-eje ozi dị ka aLewis acid na-akpatana pụrụ iche chemical mmeghachi omume. Ngwa ndị a na-ahụkarị sitere na ngwa eletrọnịkị (tantalum capacitors, semiconductor thin film) ruo na njikọ organic dị elu. N'ihi na TaCl₅ nwere mmetụta mmiri na-emebi emebi, ijikwa ya chọrọ ọnọdụ akọrọ siri ike.
Mmepụta TaCl₅ gụnyere chlorinating tantalum n'ụdị ụfọdụ. N'ime ụlọ nyocha, nke a pụtara ịmegharị Ta metal ma ọ bụ oxide na chlorine (ma ọ bụ isi mmalite chlorine). N'ụlọ ọrụ, ọ pụtara iji chlorination na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ nke ore concentrates, mgbe mgbe na carbon, na-esote distillation. Ụzọ niile chọrọ iji nlezianya dị ọcha iji kewapụ TaCl₅ dị ọcha ma wepụ ngwaahịa ndị sitere na ya.
Ịghọta ma naejinammepụta ụzọnke tantalum chloride dị mkpa maka ịghọta ọrụ ya na teknụzụ ọgbara ọhụrụ. Site na ijikọta nkọwa njikọ kemịkalụ na ngwa bara uru (na inye ihe na-ahụ anya ebe ọ na-enyere aka), ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ nwere ike ịhụ ka ogige a dị ka ihe na-adịghị ahụkebe bụ n'ezie linchpin nke ihe dabere na tantalum na ngwa elektrọn, kemịkalụ, na karịa.
Oge nzipu: Mee-30-2025