Akụkọ - Gịnị bụ holium element?

1. Nchọpụta nke holium element
Mgbe Mosander kewasịrịerbiumnaterbiumsiyttriumna 1842, ọtụtụ ndị na-ahụ maka ọgwụ na-eji nyocha nyocha iji chọpụta ha ma kpebie na ha abụghị oxides dị ọcha nke ihe mmewere, nke gbara ndị chemists ume ịnọgide na-ekewapụ ha. Mgbe ekewasịrịytterbium oxidenascandium oxidesite na ytterbium oxide, Cliff kewara oxides ọhụrụ abụọ n'afọ 1879. A kpọrọ otu n'ime ha holmium iji mee ememe ncheta ebe ọmụmụ Cliff, aha Latin ochie nke Stockholm, isi obodo Sweden, Holmia, na akara mmewere Ho. Mgbe e mesịrị, na 1886, Boisbodran kewapụrụ ihe ọzọ na holmium, ma aha holmium ka edobere. Site na nchọpụta nke holmium na ụfọdụ ihe ndị ọzọ na-adịghị ahụkebe nke ụwa, ọkara nke ọzọ nke ọkwa nke atọ nke nchọpụta nke ihe ndị dị n'ụwa agwụla.

2. Njirimara anụ ahụ nke holmium
Holmium bụ ọla ọcha ọla ọcha, dị nro na ductile; Ebe agbaze 1474°C, ebe esi esi 2695°C, njupụta 8.7947g/cm³. Holmium kwụsiri ike na ikuku akọrọ na oxidizes ngwa ngwa na oke okpomọkụ;holium oxidebụ ihe kachasi ike mara paramagnetic. Enwere ike iji ogige Holmium dị ka ihe mgbakwunye maka ihe ọhụrụ ferromagnetic;holium iodidea na-eji emepụta oriọna halide metal - holmium oriọna. Ọ kwụsiri ike na ikuku akọrọ na ụlọ okpomọkụ ma dị mfe oxidized na ikuku iru mmiri yana na okpomọkụ dị elu. Zere kọntaktị na ikuku, oxides, acids, halogens, na mmiri mmiri. Ọ na-ahapụ gas na-ere ọkụ mgbe ọ na-emetụ mmiri; ọ bụ soluble na inorganic acid. Ọ kwụsiri ike na ikuku akọrọ na ụlọ okpomọkụ, mana ọ na-eme ngwa ngwa n'ikuku iru mmiri yana karịa okpomọkụ ụlọ. Ọ nwere mmetụta kemịkal na-arụ ọrụ. Ọ na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ ree mmiri. Ọ nwere ike ijikọ na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe niile na-abụghị ọla. Ọ dị na yttrium silicate, monazite na mineral ndị ọzọ dị ụkọ n'ụwa. A na-eji ya eme ihe magnetik alloy.

3. Chemical Njirimara nke holmium
Ọ kwụsiri ike na ikuku akọrọ na ụlọ okpomọkụ, yana ngwa ngwa oxidized na ikuku iru mmiri yana na okpomọkụ dị elu. Zere kọntaktị na ikuku, oxides, acids, halogens, na mmiri iru mmiri. Ọ na-ahapụ gas na-ere ọkụ mgbe ọ na-emetụ mmiri; ọ na-agbaze na inorganic acid. Ọ kwụsiri ike na ikuku akọrọ na ụlọ okpomọkụ, mana ọ na-eme ngwa ngwa n'ikuku iru mmiri yana karịa okpomọkụ ụlọ. Ọ nwere mmetụta kemịkal na-arụ ọrụ. Ọ na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ ree mmiri. Enwere ike ijikọ ya na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe niile na-abụghị ọla. Ọ dị na yttrium silicate, monazite na mineral ndị ọzọ dị ụkọ n'ụwa. A na-eji ya eme ihe magnetik alloy. Dị ka dysprosium, ọ bụ igwe nwere ike ịmịnye neutrons nke fission nuklia mepụtara. N'ebe a na-emepụta ngwá ọrụ nuklia, ọ na-anọgide na-ere ọkụ n'otu aka ma na-achịkwa ọsọ nke mmeghachi omume yinye n'aka nke ọzọ. Nkọwa ihe: Ọ nwere ncha ọla. Ọ nwere ike iji mmiri meghachi omume nwayọ wee gbaze na acid dilute. Nnu bụ odo. Oxide Ho2O2 bụ ìhè akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ. Ọ na-agbaze na mineral acid iji mepụta nnu odo trivalent ion. Isi mmalite: A na-eme ya site na ibelataholium fluorideHoF3·2H2O nwere calcium.
Ngwakọta
(1)Holmium oxidena-acha ọcha ma nwee ihe owuwu abụọ: cubic na monoclinic nke dabere na ahụ. Ho2O3 bụ naanị oxide kwụsiri ike. Njirimara kemịkalụ ya na ụzọ nkwadebe dị ka nke lanthanum oxide. Enwere ike iji ya mee oriọna holium.
(2)Holmium nitrateUsoro ihe omimi: Ho (NO3) 3·5H2O; Ọnụ ọgụgụ molekụla: 441.02; Ọ na-abụkarị ihe na-emerụ ahụ n'ahụ mmiri. Ekwela ka ngwaahịa a na-agbasaghị ma ọ bụ buru ibu banye na mmiri dị n'ime ala, ụzọ mmiri ma ọ bụ usoro nsị. Ewepụla ihe a na gburugburu gburugburu na-enweghị ikike gọọmentị.

4.Synthesis usoro nke holmium
1. Holmium metalenwere ike nweta ya site na ibelata anhydrousholium trichloride or holium trifluoridena ọla kọpa
2. Mgbe e kewasịrị holmium na ihe ndị ọzọ na-adịghị ahụkebe nke ụwa site na mgbanwe ion ma ọ bụ teknụzụ mmịpụta ihe mgbaze, enwere ike ịkwado holmium metal site na mbelata okpomọkụ nke igwe. Mbelata okpomọkụ nke lithium nke chloride ụwa dị ụkọ dị iche na mbelata okpomọkụ calcium nke chloride ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe. A na-eme usoro mbelata nke mbụ na oge gas. The lithium thermal mbelata reactor na-ekewa n'ime abụọ kpo oku zones, na mbelata na distillation usoro na-mere na otu ngwá ọrụ. Anyụnyụ ọkụholium chlorideA na-edobe ya n'ime elu igwe reactor crucible (nakwa HoCl3 distillation chamber), a na-etinyekwa lithium na-ebelata ihe na-eme ka ọ dị n'ime ala. Mgbe ahụ, a na-ebupụ tankị mmeghachi omume igwe anaghị agba nchara na 7Pa wee kpoo ọkụ. Mgbe okpomọkụ esịmde 1000 ℃, ọ na-nọgidere ruo oge ụfọdụ ekwe ka ndịHoCl3uzuoku na uzuoku lithium na-emeghachi omume n'ụzọ zuru ezu, na mbelata metal holmium siri ike ahụ na-adaba na crucible dị ala. Mgbe emechara mmeghachi omume mbelata ahụ, ọ bụ naanị ihe mgbakasị ala ka a na-ekpo ọkụ ka ọ na-atụgharị LiCl n'ime eriri elu. Usoro mmeghachi omume mbelata na-ewekarị ihe dịka awa 10. Iji mepụta holmium ọla dị ọcha karị, onye na-ebelata lithium dara ada kwesịrị ịbụ 99.97% lithium dị ọcha dị elu yana a ga-eji HoCl3 anhydrous distilled okpukpu abụọ.

5. Ngwa nke holmium

(1) Eji dị ka ihe mgbakwunye maka metal halide oriọna. oriọna halide metal bụ ụdị oriọna na-ebupụta gas emepụtara na ndabere nke oriọna mercury nwere nrụgide. Ha njirimara bụ na bulbs jupụtara dị iche iche obere ụwa halides. Ndị bụ isi a na-eji bụ iodide ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe, nke na-ewepụta agba dị iche iche dị iche iche mgbe gas na-apụ. Ihe na-arụ ọrụ nke a na-eji na oriọna holmium bụ holmium iodide, nke nwere ike nweta njupụta nke atom metal dị elu na mpaghara arc, si otú ahụ na-eme ka ọkụ ọkụ dịkwuo mma.

(2) Enwere ike iji Holmium dị ka ihe mgbakwunye maka ígwè yttrium ma ọ bụ yttrium aluminum garnet;

(3) Holmium-doped yttrium aluminom garnet (Ho: YAG) nwere ike ibunye lasers 2μm. Ọnụego nnabata nke 2μm lasers site na anụ ahụ mmadụ dị elu, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ iwu 3 dị elu karịa nke Hd: YAG. Ya mere, mgbe ị na-eji Ho: YAG lasers maka ịwa ahụ ahụike, ọ bụghị nanị na ọ ga-eme ka arụmọrụ na izi ezi nke ịwa ahụ dịkwuo mma, kamakwa ibelata ebe mmebi okpomọkụ na obere nha. Oghere efu nke kristal holmium na-emepụta nwere ike iwepụ abụba n'ebughị oke okpomọkụ, si otú ahụ belata mmebi ọkụ na anụ ahụ dị mma. A na-akọ na United States na-eji holmium laser gwọọ glaucoma, nke nwere ike ibelata ihe mgbu nke ịwa ahụ maka ndị ọrịa. Ọkwa nke kristal laser 2μm nke China eruola ọkwa mba ụwa, anyị kwesịrị ịzụlite ike na imepụta ụdị kristal laser a.

(4) A pụkwara ịgbakwunye obere holmium na magnetostrictive alloy iji belata oghere dị n'èzí chọrọ maka saturation magnetization nke alloy.

(5) Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, enwere ike iji holmium-doped optical fiber na-eme ka laser optical fiber lasers, optical fiber amplifiers, optical fiber sensors na ngwa ngwa nkwurịta okwu ndị ọzọ, nke ga-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na mmepe ngwa ngwa nke nkwurịta okwu fiber optical.

Laser Holmium Ngwa nke laser holmium ebutela ọgwụgwọ nke nkume urinary n'ọkwa ọhụrụ. Laser Holmium nwere ogologo wavelength nke 2.1μm ma bụrụ laser pulsed. Ọ bụ nke kachasị ọhụrụ n'ime ọtụtụ lasers eji arụ ọrụ ịwa ahụ. Ike a na-emepụta nwere ike ime ka mmiri dị n'etiti njedebe nke eriri anya na nkume ahụ, na-akpụ afụ obere cavitation, ma na-ebunye ume na nkume, na-egweri nkume ahụ ka ọ bụrụ ntụ ntụ. Mmiri na-enweta ike dị ukwuu, na-ebelata mmebi nke anụ ahụ gbara ya gburugburu. N'otu oge ahụ, omimi ntinye nke laser holmium n'ime anụ ahụ mmadụ adịghị omimi, naanị 0.38mm. Ya mere, mgbe a na-etipịa nkume, a pụrụ ibelata mmebi nke anụ ahụ gbara ya gburugburu, nchekwa ahụ dịkwa oke elu.
Teknụzụ Holmium laser lithotripsy: ahụike holmium laser lithotripsy, nke dabara maka okwute akụrụ siri ike, okwute urethra na eriri afọ nke enweghị ike ịgbaji site na extracorporeal ujo wave lithotripsy. Mgbe ị na-eji ọgwụ holmium laser lithotripsy ahụike, eriri ngwa anya dị mkpa nke laser holmium laser na-agafe na urethra na ureter site n'enyemaka nke cystoscope na ureteroscope na-agbanwe iji ruo nkume eriri afo, okwute urethra na akụrụ akụrụ, mgbe ahụ, onye ọkà mmụta urologist na-emegharị laser holmium ka ọ gbajie nkume. Uru nke usoro ọgwụgwọ a bụ na ọ nwere ike dozie okwute urethra, nkume eriri afo na ọtụtụ akụrụ akụrụ. Ihe ọghọm dị na ya bụ na maka ụfọdụ nkume dị na calyces elu na nke ala nke akụrụ, obere okwute ga-adị n'ihi na eriri laser holmium na-abanye na ureter enweghị ike iru ebe nkume ahụ.
Holmium laser bụ ụdị laser ọhụrụ mepụtara site na ngwaọrụ pulsed siri ike nke ejiri kristal laser (Cr: Tm: Ho: YAG) nwere yttrium aluminom garnet (YAG) dị ka onye na-arụ ọrụ na doped na sensitizing ion chromium (Cr), ion thulium thulium (Tm) na-ebufe ume na ion holmium (Ho). Enwere ike iji ya na ịwa ahụ na ngalaba dịka urology, ENT, dermatology, na gynecology. Ịwa ahụ laser a na-adịghị emerụ ahụ ma ọ bụ dị ntakịrị na-emerụ ahụ na onye ọrịa ahụ ga-enwe obere mgbu n'oge ọgwụgwọ.

Oge nzipu: Nov-14-2024

Kedu ihe bụ holium element?