Gadolinium zirconate(Gd₂Zr₂O₇), nke a makwaara dị ka zirconate gadolinium, bụ seramiiki ụwa oxide na-adịghị ahụkebe nke a na-akwanyere ùgwù maka nkwụsi ike ọkụ ya dị oke ala yana nkwụsi ike nke okpomọkụ. N'okwu dị mfe, ọ bụ "super-insulator" na oke okpomọkụ - okpomọkụ anaghị esi na ya pụta ngwa ngwa. Ngwongwo a na-eme ka ọ dị mma maka mkpuchi mkpuchi thermal barrier (TBC), nke na-echebe injin na ngwa turbine site na oke okpomọkụ. Ka ụwa na-aga n'ihu na-adị ọcha, ike na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ihe ndị dị ka gadolinium zirconate na-enweta nlebara anya: ha na-enyere engines aka na-ekpo ọkụ ma na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma, na-ere ọkụ na-erughị ala ma na-ebelata ihe ọkụkụ.
Kedu ihe bụ Gadolinium Zirconate?
Kemịkalụ, gadolinium zirconate bụ seramiiki a haziri pyrochlore: o nwere gadolinium (Gd) na zirconium (Zr) cations nke edobere na lattice akụkụ atọ nwere oxygen. A na-edekarị usoro ya Gd₂Zr₂O₇ (ma ọ bụ mgbe ụfọdụ Gd₂O₃·ZrO₂). kristal a nyere iwu (pyrochlore) nwere ike gbanwee ka ọ bụrụ usoro fluorite nwere nsogbu na oke okpomọkụ (~ 1530 Celsius C). N'ụzọ dị mkpa, ngalaba usoro nke ọ bụla nwere ohere ikuku oxygen - atom oxygen na-efu - nke na-agbasasị phonons na-ekpo ọkụ nke ukwuu. Ihe nhazi ahụ bụ otu ihe mere gadolinium zirconate na-eme ka okpomọkụ dị ala nke ọma karịa ceramik ndị ọzọ.
Epomaterial na ndị ọzọ na-eweta ihe na-eme ka Gd₂Zr₂O₇ ntụ ntụ dị ọcha (mgbe 99.9% dị ọcha, CAS 11073-79-3) kpọmkwem maka ngwa TBC. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ibe ngwaahịa Epomaterial na-akọwapụta "Gadolinium Zirconate bụ seramiiki dabeere na oxide nke nwere obere okpomọkụ" ejiri na plasma-spray TBC. Nkọwa ndị dị otú ahụ na-emesi ike na àgwà ya dị ala-κ bụ isi na uru ya. (N'ezie, ndepụta Epomaterial maka "Zirconate Gadolinium (GZO)" ntụ ntụ na-egosi ya dị ka ihe na-acha ọcha, nke dabeere na oxide.)
Kedu ihe kpatara nrụpụta okpomọkụ dị ala ji dị mkpa?
Nrụpụta ọkụ (κ) na-atụ ka ọkụ si aga ngwa ngwa site na ihe. Gadolinium zirconate's κ dị oke ịtụnanya maka seramiiki, ọkachasị na okpomọkụ dịka injin. Ọmụmụ na-akọ ụkpụrụ n'usoro nke 1–2 W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹ na gburugburu 1000 Celsius. Maka ihe gbara ya gburugburu, zirconia yttria-stabilized (YSZ) - ọkọlọtọ TBC nke ọtụtụ iri afọ - dị ihe dịka 2–3 W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹ n'ụdị okpomọkụ. N'otu nnyocha, Wu et al. hụrụ ụkpụrụ omume Gd₂Zr₂O₇ ka ọ bụrụ ~1.6 W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹ na 700 Celsius C, megide ~ 2.3 maka YSZ n'okpuru otu ọnọdụ ahụ. Akụkọ ọzọ na-edetu oke nke 1.0–1.8 W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹ na 1000 Celsius maka gadolinium zirconate, “dị ala karịa YSZ”. N'okwu bara uru, nke a pụtara oyi akwa GdZr₂O₇ ga-ahapụ obere okpomọkụ karịa oyi akwa YSZ kwekọrọ na oke okpomọkụ - nnukwu uru maka mkpuchi.
Isi uru Gadolinium Zirconate (Gd₂Zr₂O₇):
Igwe ọkụ dị ala dị ala: ~ 1-2 W/m·K na 700-1000 Celsius C, nke dị n'okpuru YSZ.
Nkwụsi ike nke usoro dị elu: Na-eguzosi ike ruo ~ 1500 °C, dị elu karịa oke YSZ ~ 1200 °C.
Mgbasawanye okpomọkụ dị elu: Na-agbasawanye na kpo oku karịa YSZ, nke nwere ike ibelata nrụgide na mkpuchi.
Oxidation na nguzogide corrosion: Na-emepụta usoro oxide kwụsiri ike; na-eguzogide nkwụnye ego CMAS a wụrụ awụ karịa YSZ (zirconates ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe na-emeghachi omume na nkwụnye ego silicate ma na-etolite kristal nchebe).
Eco-mmetụta: Site na imeziwanye arụmọrụ engine/turbine, ọ na-enyere aka belata oriri mmanụ na ikuku.
Ihe ọ bụla n'ime ihe ndị a na-ejikọta azụ na ike ike na nkwado. N'ihi na GdZr₂O₇ na-ekpuchi mma nke ọma, engines chọrọ obere jụrụ oyi ma nwee ike na-ekpo ọkụ karị, na-atụgharị ozugbo gaa na arụmọrụ dị elu yana iji mmanụ ọkụ dị ala. Dị ka ihe ọmụmụ nke Mahadum Virginia si kwuo, ịrụ ọrụ TBC ka mma pụtara na-ere ọkụ "obere mmanụ ọkụ iji mepụta otu ume ahụ, na-ebute ... obere ikuku gas na-ekpo ọkụ". Na nkenke, gadolinium zirconate nwere ike inyere igwe na-agba ọsọ dị ọcha.
Thermal Conductivity na nkọwa
Iji zaa ajụjụ bụ isi "Gịnị bụ thermal conductivity nke gadolinium zirconate?": Ọ dị ala maka seramiiki, ihe dịka 1–2 W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹ n'ogo 700–1000 Celsius. E gosiputara nke a site na otutu nyocha. Wu et al. mkpesa ≈1.6 W/m·K na 700 °C maka Gd₂Zr₂O₇, ebe YSZ tụrụ ≈2.3 n'okpuru otu ọnọdụ ahụ. Shen et al. rịba ama "1.0-1.8 W/m·K na 1000 °C". N'ụzọ dị iche, omume YSZ na 1000 Celsius na-adịkarị gburugburu 2–3 W/m·K. N'okwu ọ bụla kwa ụbọchị, were ya na taịlị mkpuchi ihe abụọ na stovu na-ekpo ọkụ: nke nwere GdZr₂O₇ na-eme ka azụ azụ dị jụụ karịa taịlị YSZ nke otu ọkpụrụkpụ.
Kedu ihe kpatara Gd₂Zr₂O₇ dị obere? Ọdịdị kristal ya na-egbochi mbuba ọkụ. Oghere ikuku oxygen dị n'otu akụkụ nke ọ bụla na-agbasa phonons (ndị na-ebu ọkụ), na arọ atọm dị arọ nke gadolinium na-eme ka mkpọtụ lattice dị elu. Dị ka otu akwụkwọ si akọwa, "oghere ikuku oxygen na-eme ka mgbasa ozi phonon na-ebelata ma na-ebelata okpomọkụ". Ndị na-emepụta ihe na-erigbu ihe onwunwe a: Epomaterial's katalọgụ ndetu GdZr₂O₇ na-eji na plasma-fesa thermal barrier mkpuchi kpọmkwem n'ihi na ya ala κ. N'ezie, microstructure ya na-ejide okpomọkụ dị n'ime, na-echebe ígwè dị n'okpuru.
Mkpuchi mgbochi okpomọkụ (TBC) na ngwa
Ihe mkpuchi mkpuchi thermalbụ seramiiki n'ígwé a na-etinye n'akụkụ ígwè na-eche ihu gasị ọkụ (dị ka agụba turbine). Site n'ịtụgharị uche na ikpuchi ọkụ, TBC na-ahapụ engines na turbines rụọ ọrụ na okpomọkụ dị elu na-enweghị agbaze. Gadolinium zirconate apụtala dị ka aihe TBC nke ọgbọ na-abịa, nkwado ma ọ bụ dochie YSZ na oke ọnọdụ. Isi ihe kpatara ya gụnyere nkwụsi ike na mkpuchi ya:
Arụmọrụ oke okpomọkụ:Gd₂Zr₂O₇ pyrochlore-to-fluorite ngbanwe usoro na-eme nso1530C, nke ọma karịa YSZ ~ 1200 Celsius. Nke a pụtara na mkpuchi GdZr₂O₇ na-anọgide na-adịchaghị mma na okpomọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ nke ngalaba turbine ọgbara ọhụrụ.
Iguzogide corrosion dị ọkụ:Nnwale na-egosi na zirconates na-adịghị ahụkebe dị ka GdZr₂O₇ na-emeghachi omume na irighiri ihe njin a wụrụ awụ (nke a na-akpọ CMAS: calcium-magnesium-alumino-silicate) iji mepụta akara kristal kwụsiri ike, na-egbochi ntinye miri emi. Nke a bụ nnukwu ihe na igwe jet na-efefe site na ntụ ma ọ bụ ájá mgbawa ugwu.
Ihe mkpuchi oyi akwa:Ndị injinia na-ejikọkarị GdZr₂O₇ na YSZ na ngwugwu ọtụtụ oyi akwa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, obere YSZ dị n'okpuru ala nwere ike chekwaa mgbasawanye ọkụ, ebe elu elu GdZr₂O₇ na-enye mkpuchi na nkwụsi ike dị elu. Ụdị TBC nke “okpukpu abụọ” nwere ike iji ihe kacha mma n'ime ihe abụọ ahụ eme ihe.
Ngwa:N'ihi àgwà ndị a, GdZr₂O₇ dị mma maka injin ndị na-abịa n'ihu yana akụrụngwa ikuku. Ndị na-emepụta injin jet na ndị na-emepụta rọketi nwere mmasị na ya, ebe ọ bụ na nnabata okpomọkụ dị elu pụtara mkpali na arụmọrụ ka mma. N'ime igwe ikuku gas maka ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ (gụnyere ndị jikọtara ya na isi mmalite ike mmeghari), iji mkpuchi GdZr₂O₇ nwere ike ịmịnyekwu ike site na otu mmanụ ọkụ ahụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, NASA na-ekwu na iji ruo "okpomọkụ dị elu dị mkpa iji kwalite arụmọrụ nke igwe turbine gas," YSZ ezughị oke, a na-amụkwa ihe ndị dị ka gadolinium zirconate kama.
Ọbụna karịa turbines, usoro ọ bụla chọrọ nchebe okpomọkụ na oke okpomọkụ nwere ike irite uru. Nke a gụnyere ụgbọ elu ụgbọ elu hypersonic, injin ụgbọ ala na-arụ ọrụ dị elu, na ọbụna ndị na-anata ike anwụ anwụ ebe ìhè anyanwụ na-etinye uche na oke okpomọkụ. N'ọnọdụ ọ bụla, ebumnuche bụ otu ihe:ikpuchi akụkụ ndị na-ekpo ọkụ iji melite arụmọrụ n'ozuzu ya. Ihe mkpuchi ka mma pụtara obere nju oyi achọrọ, obere radiators, atụmatụ dị mfe, yana n'ụzọ dị oke mkpa, na-ere obere mmanụ ọkụ ma ọ bụ iji obere ntinye ike.
Nkwado na ike ịrụ ọrụ ike
The gburugburu ebe obibi elu nkegadolinium zirconatesitere na ya ọrụimeziwanye arụmọrụ na ibelata ihe mkpofu. Site n'ikwe ka engines na turbines na-agba ọsọ na-ekpo ọkụ na nke ọma, mkpuchi GdZr₂O₇ na-enye aka na-ere ọkụ ọkụ maka otu mmepụta ahụ. Mahadum Virginia na-eme ka ọ pụta ìhè na imeziwanye TBC na-eduga na "ịkụ obere mmanụ ọkụ iji mepụta otu ume ahụ, na-ebute ... obere ikuku ikuku griin ha". N'okwu dị mfe, pasentị ọ bụla nke arụmọrụ enwetara nwere ike ịtụgharị gaa na tọn CO₂ echekwara na ndụ igwe.
Tụlee onye na-anya ụgbọ elu: ọ bụrụ na turbines ya na-arụ ọrụ 3-5% nke ọma, ego nchekwa mmanụ (na mbelata ikuku) karịrị puku kwuru puku ụgbọ elu buru ibu. N'otu aka ahụ, ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ - ọbụna ndị na-ere ọkụ ọkụ - na-erite uru n'ihi na ha nwere ike ịmepụta ọkụ eletrik site na mita cubic mmanụ ọ bụla. Mgbe grid ọkụ eletrik na-agwakọta ihe ndị na-emegharị ọhụrụ na nkwado turbine, inwe turbines na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na-eme ka ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu na-achọ ya na obere mmanụ ọkụ agbakwunyere.
N'akụkụ ndị na-azụ ahịa, ihe ọ bụla na-agbatị ndụ engine ma ọ bụ na-ebelata mmezi nwekwara mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi. Ndị TBC na-arụ ọrụ dị elu nwere ike ịgbatị ndụ akụkụ akụkụ ọkụ, nke pụtara obere nnọchi na obere mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ. Site n'echiche nkwado, GdZr₂O₇ n'onwe ya kwụsiri ike na kemịkalụ (ọ gaghị emebi ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụ hapụ vapors na-egbu egbu), na ụzọ mmepụta ugbu a na-enye ohere ịmegharị ntụ ntụ seramiiki ejighi ya. (N'ezie, gadolinium bụ ụwa a na-adịghị ahụkebe, ya mere ọ dị mkpa iji nweta ihe ọkụkụ na imegharị ihe dị mkpa. Ma nke a bụ eziokwu maka ihe niile dị elu nke nkà na ụzụ, ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na-enwekwa njikwa ihe eji eme ihe maka ụwa ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe.)
Ngwa na Green Teknụzụ
Igwe Jet na ụgbọ elu nke na-esote:Igwe ụgbọ elu ọgbara ọhụrụ na nke ga-eme n'ọdịnihu na-achọ ka ọkụ ọkụ na-adịwanye elu mgbe niile iji melite oke mkpali na ibu yana akụ na ụba mmanụ. Nkwụsi ike dị elu nke GdZr₂O₇ yana obere κ na-akwado ebumnuche a ozugbo. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụgbọ elu ndị agha dị elu na ụgbọ elu supersonic azụmahịa nke a tụrụ aro nwere ike ịhụ uru arụmọrụ sitere na GdZr₂O₇ TBC.
Igwe ikuku nke ụlọ nrụpụta na ike:Ndị ọrụ na-eji nnukwu turbin gas maka ike kacha elu yana maka osisi na-ejikọta ọnụ. Ihe mkpuchi GdZr₂O₇ na-enye ohere ka turbines ndị a wepụta ike karịa na ntinye mmanụ ụgbọala ọ bụla, nke pụtara ọtụtụ megawatts nwere otu mmanụ ọkụ ma ọ bụ otu megawatts nwere obere mmanụ. Mmụba arụmọrụ a na-enyere aka belata CO₂ kwa MWh nke ọkụ eletrik.
Aerospace (Spacecraft na ụgbọ eji abanyeghachi):Ụgbọ elu oghere na rọketi na-enwetaghachi ọnya na-egbuke egbuke ma malite ikpo ọkụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ejighị GdZr₂O₇ n'elu ebe ndị a niile, a na-amụ ya maka iji ya na mkpuchi ụgbọ ala hypersonic na igwe nozzles maka akụkụ okpomọkụ dị oke elu. Nkwalite ọ bụla nwere ike ibelata mkpa jụrụ oyi ma ọ bụ nrụgide ihe onwunwe.
Sistemụ Ike Green:N'ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ ọkụ anyanwụ, enyo na-etinye uche n'ìhè anyanwụ na ndị na-anata nke ruru 1000+ Celsius. Ikpuchi ndị nnata ndị a na ceramik dị ala dị ka GdZr₂O₇ nwere ike imezi mkpuchi mkpuchi, na-eme ka ntụgharị anyanwụ na ọkụ eletrik dịkwuo mma. Ọzọkwa, ndị na-emepụta thermoelectric nnwale (nke na-agbanwe ọkụ ozugbo na ọkụ eletrik) na-erite uru ma ọ bụrụ na akụkụ ha na-ekpo ọkụ na-adị ọkụ.
N'okwu ndị a niile, ndịmmetụta gburugburu ebe obibisitere na iji obere ume (mmanụ ọkụ ma ọ bụ ntinye ike) maka otu ọrụ ahụ. Ịrụ ọrụ dị elu na-apụta mgbe niile iwetulata okpomọkụ n'efu ma si otú a na-ekupụ ikuku dị ntakịrị maka mmepụta enyere. Dị ka otu ọkà mmụta sayensị si kwuo ya, ihe ndị TBC ka mma dị ka gadolinium zirconate bụ isi ihe na-eme ka "ike na-adigide ọdịnihu" site n'ime ka turbines na engine na-arụ ọrụ nju oyi, na-adịru ogologo oge, ma na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma.
Ihe ngosi nka
Ngwakọta Gadolinium zirconate nke akụrụngwa pụrụ iche. Iji chịkọta ụfọdụ eziokwu pụtara ìhè:
Obere κ, ebe mgbaze dị elu:Ebe mgbaze ya bụ ~ 2570 Celsius C, mana okpomọkụ ya bara uru na-ejedebe site na nkwụsi ike nke oge (~ 1500 °C). Ọbụlagodi nke ọma n'okpuru agbaze, ọ na-anọgide na-enwe ezigbo mkpuchi.
Ọdịdị kristal:O nwere apyrochlorelattice (ohere otu Fd3m) na-aghọfluorite nwere nkwarụna elu okpomọkụ. Mgbanwe a na-enye iwu ka ọ ghara imebi adịghị arụ ọrụ ruo n'elu ~ 1200-1500 Celsius.
Mgbasa ọkụ:GdZr₂O₇ nwere ọnụọgụ mgbasawanye ọkụ dị elu karịa YSZ. Nke a nwere ike ịbara gị uru site n'ibelata ihe mgbawa igwe na-adaba nke ọma yana ibelata ihe egwu dị na kpo oku.
Njirimara igwe:Dị ka seramiiki na-agbaji agbaji, ọ naghị esiri ike - ya mere mkpuchi na-ejikarị ya eme ihe (dịka ọmụmaatụ GdZr₂O₇ dị elu n'elu oyi akwa siri ike karị).
Imepụta:Enwere ike itinye GdZr₂O₇ TBC site n'ụkpụrụ ọkọlọtọ (efesa plasma ikuku, spray plasma nkwusioru, EB-PVD). Ndị na-eweta ihe dị ka Epomaterial na-enye GdZr₂O₇ ntụ ntụ emebere maka ịgbasa plasma.
A na-edozi nkọwa ọrụaka ndị a site na ịnweta: ebe gadolinium na zirconium bụ ihe "ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe", oxide na-esi na ya pụta bụ kemịkalụ na-adịghị mma ma dị mma ijikwa na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. (A na-akpachapụ anya mgbe niile ka ịzena ikuku ezigbo ntụ ntụ, mana Gd₂Zr₂O₇ adịghị ize ndụ karịa ceramik oxide ndị ọzọ.)
Mmechi
Zirconate gadolinium(Gd₂Zr₂O₇) bụ ihe seramiiki na-eduga na-ejikọta ọnụ.elu-okpomọkụ anwụ ngwa ngwaya naWezuga ala thermal conductivity. Àgwà ndị a na-eme ka ọ dị mma maka mkpuchi ihe mgbochi okpomọkụ dị elu na mbara igwe, ike ọkụ, na ngwa ndị ọzọ dị elu. Site n'ime ka okpomọkụ na-arụ ọrụ dị elu na ịrụ ọrụ engine dị mma, gadolinium zirconate na-enye aka ozugbo na nchekwa ike na mbelata ikuku - ihe mgbaru ọsọ na obi nke nkà na ụzụ na-adịgide adịgide. N'ime draịva maka injinịa greener na turbines, ihe ndị dị ka GdZr₂O₇ na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa: ha na-enye anyị ohere ịkwanye oke arụmọrụ ka anyị na-ewepụ akara ukwu gburugburu anyị.
Maka ndị injinia na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ihe onwunwe, gadolinium zirconate kwesịrị ikiri. Nrụpụta ọkụ ya (ihe dị ka 1-2 W / m · K na ~ 1000 Celsius) bụ otu n'ime ndị kacha ala maka seramiiki ọ bụla, ma ọ nwere ike iguzogide oke okpomọkụ nke turbines na-esote. Ndị na-eweta ihe (gụnyere Epomaterial'sgadolinium zirconate (GZO) 99.9%ngwaahịa) na-enyerịrị ihe a maka mkpuchi ịgbasa ọkụ, na-egosi na-eto eto ojiji ụlọ ọrụ. Ka ọchịchọ na-ebili maka sistemụ ụgbọ elu na ike dị ọcha karị, nguzozi pụrụ iche nke gadolinium zirconate nke ihe onwunwe - na-ekpuchi okpomọkụ ka ọ na-edi ya - bụ kpọmkwem ihe achọrọ.
Isi mmalite:Nnyocha ndị ọgbọ nyochara na mbipụta ụlọ ọrụ na pyrochlores ụwa na TBC dị ụkọ. (Ndepụta ngwaahịa Epomaterial maka Gd₂Zr₂O₇ na-enye nkọwapụta ihe.) Ndị a na-akwado ụkpụrụ nrụpụta okpomọkụ dị ala ma gosipụta uru nkwado nke ihe TBC dị elu.
Oge nzipu: Jun-04-2025