1. Nkọwa nke ngwa agha nuklia
N'echiche sara mbara, ihe nuklia bụ okwu izugbe maka ihe eji eme naanị na ụlọ ọrụ nuklia na nyocha sayensị nuklia, gụnyere mmanụ ọkụ nuklia na ihe injinia nuklia, ya bụ ihe ndị na-abụghị mmanụ nuklia.
Ihe ndị a na-ekwukarị na ngwá agha nuklia na-ezokarị aka n'ihe ndị e ji eme ihe n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ihe na-emepụta ihe, nke a makwaara dị ka ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe.Ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe na-agụnye mmanụ ọkụ nuklia nke na-enweta fission nuklia n'okpuru bombu neutron, ihe mkpuchi maka ihe ndị mejupụtara mmanụ ọkụ nuklia, coolants, neutron moderators (moderators), ihe na-achịkwa mkpanaka nke na-ejide neutron siri ike, na ihe ndị na-atụgharị uche na-egbochi nkwụsị nke neutron n'èzí ihe ọkụ ọkụ.
2. Mmekọrịta mmekọrịta dị n'etiti akụrụngwa ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe na akụrụngwa nuklia
Monazite, nke a na-akpọ phosphocerite na phosphocerite, bụ ihe ịnweta ngwa ngwa na etiti acid igneous rock na metamorphic rock.Monazite bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị bụ isi nke mineral metal dị ụkọ, ma dịkwa na ụfọdụ nkume sedimentary.Acha uhie uhie na-acha aja aja, odo, mgbe ụfọdụ na-acha aja aja, na-egbuke egbuke na-egbuke egbuke, nkwụsị zuru oke, ike Mohs nke 5-5.5, na ike ndọda nke 4.9-5.5.
Isi ihe dị n'ime mineral nke ụfọdụ ụdị nkwụnye ego dị ụkọ na China bụ monazite, nke dị na Tongcheng, Hubei, Yueyang, Hunan, Shangrao, Jiangxi, Menghai, Yunnan, na He County, Guangxi.Agbanyeghị, mwepu nke ụdị placer dị ụkọ anaghị enwekarị mkpa akụ na ụba.Nkume dị iche iche na-enwekarị ihe ndị na-emegharị emegharị thorium ma bụrụkwa isi ebe plutonium na-ere ahịa.
3, Nleba anya nke ngwa ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe na ngwakọta nuklia na fission nuklia dabere na nyocha panoramic patent.
Mgbe mkpụrụokwu nke ihe nchọta ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe gbasaara nke ọma, a na-ejikọta ha na igodo mgbasawanye na ọnụọgụ nhazi nke fission nuklia na ngwakọta nuklia, wee chọọ na nchekwa data Incopt.Ụbọchị ọchụchọ a bụ Ọgọstụ 24, 2020. Enwetara ikike ikike 4837 ka njikọ ezinụlọ dị mfe, yana ikike 4673 kpebiri ka mbelata mkpọtụ arụrụ arụ.
A na-ekesa ngwa patent ụwa dị ụkọ n'ọhịa nke fission nuklia ma ọ bụ ngwakọta nuklia na mba 56 / mpaghara, ọkachasị na Japan, China, United States, Germany na Russia, wdg. A na-etinye ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke patent n'ụdị PCT. , nke ngwa teknụzụ patent nke China na-abawanye, ọkachasị ebe ọ bụ na 2009, na-abanye n'ọkwa uto ngwa ngwa, na Japan, United States na Russia anọgidewo na-emepe emepe n'ọhịa a ruo ọtụtụ afọ (Nyocha 1).
Ọgụgụ 1 Ngwa nke ikike ikike teknụzụ metụtara ngwa ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe na fission nuklia nuklia na ngwakọta nuklia na mba / mpaghara.
Enwere ike ịhụ site na nyocha nke isiokwu teknụzụ na ngwa nke ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe na ngwakọta nuklia na fission nuklia na-elekwasị anya na ihe mmanụ ọkụ, scintilators, ndị na-achọpụta radieshon, actinides, plasmas, reactors nuklia, ihe mkpuchi, nnabata neutron na ntụzịaka teknụzụ ndị ọzọ.
4. Ngwa ndị akọwapụtara na nyocha patent isi nke ihe ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe n'ụwa na ngwa nuklia.
N'ime ha, ngwakọta nuklia na mmeghachi omume fission nuklia na ngwa nuklia dị oke egwu, ihe ndị a chọrọ maka akụrụngwa siri ike.Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ndị na-emepụta ike bụ ndị na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ngwá agha nuklia, na fusion reactors nwere ike gbasaa n'ọtụtụ buru ibu ka afọ 50 gachara.Ngwa nkeobere ụwaihe na reactor structural ihe;N'ime mpaghara kemịkalụ nuklia kpọmkwem, a na-ejikarị ihe ndị dị n'ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe eme ihe na mkpara nchịkwa;Na mgbakwunye,scandiume jikwa ya mee ihe na redio chemistry na ụlọ ọrụ nuklia.
(1) Dị ka nsi na-ere ọkụ ma ọ bụ mkpanaka njikwa iji dozie ọkwa neutron na ọnọdụ dị egwu nke reactor nuklia.
Na ike reactors, mmalite residual reactivity nke ọhụrụ cores bụ n'ozuzu dịtụ elu.Karịsịa n'oge mmalite nke usoro ịgbanye mmanụ ọkụ mbụ, mgbe mmanụ ọkụ nuklia niile dị na isi bụ ihe ọhụrụ, mmeghachi omume fọdụrụnụ bụ nke kachasị elu.N'oge a, ịdabere naanị n'ịbawanye mkpanaka njikwa iji kwụọ ụgwọ maka mweghachi ọrụ ga-ewebata mkpanaka njikwa karịa.Ogwe njikwa ọ bụla (ma ọ bụ ngwugwu mkpanaka) dabara na iwebata usoro ịnya ụgbọ ala dị mgbagwoju anya.N'otu aka ahụ, nke a na-abawanye ọnụ ahịa, na n'aka nke ọzọ, imeghe oghere n'isi ụgbọ mmiri nrụgide nwere ike ime ka mbelata ike nhazi.Ọ bụghị naanị na ọ bụ enweghị akụ na ụba, mana a naghị ekwe ka ọ nwee ụfọdụ porosity na ike nhazi na isi ụgbọ mmiri nrụgide.Otú ọ dị, na-enweghị ịbawanye mkpara njikwa, ọ dị mkpa ịbawanye ntinye nke nsị na-akwụ ụgwọ nke kemịkalụ (dị ka boric acid) iji kwụọ ụgwọ maka mmeghachi omume fọdụrụnụ.N'okwu a, ọ dị mfe maka ntinye boron ka ọ gafere ọnụ ụzọ, na ọnụọgụ okpomọkụ nke onye nhazi ga-adị mma.
Iji zere nsogbu ndị ahụ e kwuru n'elu, a pụrụ iji ngwakọta nke nsị na-ere ọkụ, mkpanaka njikwa, na njikwa ụgwọ ọrụ kemịkal maka njikwa.
(2) Dị ka dopant iji welie arụmọrụ nke reactor structural ihe
Ndị na-emepụta ihe na-achọ ihe nhazi na ihe mmanụ ọkụ ka ha nwee ọkwa ụfọdụ nke ike, nguzogide corrosion, na nkwụsi ike dị elu, ebe na-egbochikwa ngwaahịa fission ịbanye na coolant.
1) .Rare earth steel
Igwe ọkụ nuklia nwere ọnọdụ anụ ahụ na kemịkal dị oke egwu, akụkụ nke ọ bụla nke reactor nwekwara nnukwu ihe achọrọ maka nchara pụrụ iche eji.Ihe ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe nwere mmetụta mgbanwe pụrụ iche na nchara, ọkachasị gụnyere nchacha, metamorphism, microalloying, na nkwalite nke nguzogide corrosion.A na-ejikwa ígwè ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe nwere n'ụwa na-eme ihe n'ebe a na-emepụta ngwá agha nuklia.
① Mmetụta dị ọcha: Nnyocha ndị dị adị egosila na ala ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe nwere mmetụta dị ọcha dị ọcha na nchara a wụrụ awụ na okpomọkụ dị elu.Nke a bụ n'ihi na ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe nwere ike imeghachi omume na ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ dị ka oxygen na sọlfọ dị n'ime ígwè a wụrụ awụ iji mepụta ogige okpomọkụ.Ogige ndị dị elu nwere ike ịmalite ma wepụ ya n'ụdị ntinye tupu nchara a wụrụ awụ, si otú a na-ebelata ọdịnaya adịghị ọcha na nchara a wụrụ awụ.
② Metamorphism: N'aka nke ọzọ, oxides, sulfide ma ọ bụ oxysulfides emepụtara site na mmeghachi omume nke ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe na nchara a wụrụ awụ nwere ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ dị ka oxygen na sọlfọ nwere ike idowe ya na nchara a wụrụ awụ wee ghọọ ntinye nke ígwè nwere nnukwu agbaze. .Enwere ike iji ntinye ndị a dị ka ebe etiti nucleation dị iche iche n'oge ịgbake nchara a wụrụ awụ, si otú a na-emeziwanye ọdịdị na nhazi nke ígwè.
③ Microalloying: ọ bụrụ na mgbakwunye nke ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe na-abawanye, a ga-agbazekwa ụwa nke fọdụrụ na nchara mgbe emechara ọcha na metamorphism dị n'elu.Ebe ọ bụ na radius atọm nke ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe ka nke ígwè atom, ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe nwere ọrụ elu dị elu.N'oge usoro siri ike nke nchara a wụrụ awụ, ihe ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe nke ụwa na-abawanye ụba na oke ọka, nke nwere ike belata nkewa nke ihe adịghị ọcha na oke ọka, si otú a na-ewusi ngwọta siri ike ma na-arụ ọrụ nke microalloying.N'aka nke ọzọ, n'ihi àgwà nchekwa hydrogen nke ụwa ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe, ha nwere ike ịmịnye hydrogen na ígwè, si otú ahụ na-emeziwanye ihe nrịbama hydrogen nke ígwè.
④ Imelite nguzogide corrosion: Mgbakwunye nke ihe ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe ụwa nwekwara ike imeziwanye nguzogide corrosion nke ígwè.Nke a bụ n'ihi na ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe nwere ikike nrụrụ onwe ya dị elu karịa igwe anaghị agba nchara.Ya mere, mgbakwunye nke ala ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe nwere ike ime ka ikike nke igwe anaghị agba nchara, si otú a na-eme ka nkwụsi ike nke ígwè dị na mgbasa ozi na-emebi emebi.
2).Ọmụmụ akwụkwọ ikike ikike
Igodo patent: ihe mepụtara patent nke mgbasa oxide wusiri ígwè arụ ọrụ dị ala na usoro nkwadebe ya site n'aka Institute of Metals, Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Sayensị nke China.
Patent abstract: Enyere bụ oxide dispersion ike ala ebighị ígwè kwesịrị ekwesị maka fusion reactors na ya nkwadebe usoro, e ji mara na pasent alloy ọcha na ngụkọta uka nke ala ebighị ígwè bụ: matriks bụ Fe, 0.08% ≤ C ≤ 0.15%, 8.0% ≤ Cr ≤ 10.0%, 1.1% ≤ W ≤ 1.55%, 0.1% ≤ V ≤ 0.3%, 0.03% ≤ Ta ≤ 0.2%, 0.0≤, 0.06 2O3 ≤ 0.5% .
Usoro mmepụta: Fe-Cr-WV-Ta-Mn nne alloy smelting, ntụ ntụ atomization, nnukwu ume bọọlụ egwe ọka nke nne alloy naY2O3 nanoparticlentụ ntụ agwakọtara, mmịpụta na-ekpuchi ntụ ntụ, ịkpụzi ihe siri ike, ntụgharị ọkụ, na ọgwụgwọ okpomọkụ.
Usoro mgbakwunye ụwa dị ụkọ: Tinye nanoscaleY2O3irighiri ihe na nne na nna alloy atomized ntụ ntụ maka igwe igwe na-eme ka ike dị elu, yana igwe igwe bọọlụ bụ % 6 na Φ 10 agwakọta bọọlụ siri ike, yana ikuku igwe igwe nke 99.99% argon gas, oke ihe onwunwe bọọlụ nke (8- 10): 1, oge igwe nri bọọlụ nke awa 40-70, yana ọsọ ntụgharị nke 350-500 r/min.
3） A na-eji emepụta ihe nchebe radieshon neutron
① Ụkpụrụ nke nchebe radieshon neutron
Neutrons bụ akụkụ nke nuclei atọm, nwere oke nha nke 1.675 × 10-27kg, nke bụ 1838 ugboro eletrọnịkị.Oghere ya dị ihe dịka 0.8 × 10-15m, yiri nha nke proton, yiri γ Rays anaghị akwụ ụgwọ.Mgbe neutrons na ihe na-emekọ ihe, ha na-akpakọrịta na ndị agha nuklia dị n'ime oghere ahụ, ha anaghịkwa emekọ ihe na electrons dị na mpụta.
Site na mmepe ngwa ngwa nke ike nuklia na nkà na ụzụ na-emepụta ngwá agha nuklia, a na-etinyekwu uche na nchekwa radieshon nuklia na nchebe radieshon nuklia.Iji mee ka nchebe radieshon sikwuo ike maka ndị na-arụ ọrụ bụ ndị na-arụ ọrụ na-arụzi ngwá ọrụ radieshon na nnapụta ihe mberede ruo ogologo oge, ọ bụ nnukwu uru sayensị na uru akụ na ụba ịzụlite ihe mkpuchi dị arọ maka uwe nchebe.Ụzarị Neutron bụ akụkụ kachasị mkpa nke radieshon reactor nuklia.N'ozuzu, ihe ka ukwuu n'ime neutron ndị ha na mmadụ na-emekọ ihe ka ejiri nwayọọ nwayọọ banye neutron ike dị ala ka mmetụta nke neutron kpuchiri ihe ndị dị n'ime ihe nrụpụta nuklia.Neutron ume dị ala ga-adaba na nuclei nwere ọnụọgụ atọm dị ala nke ọma ma na-aga n'ihu na-edozi ya.A ga-etinye neutrons thermal nke a na-emezigharị site na ihe ndị nwere akụkụ obe buru ibu nke neutron, na n'ikpeazụ, a ga-enweta ihe nchebe neutron.
② Ọmụmụ patent isi
The porous na organic-inorganic ngwakọ Njirimara nkeobere ụwa elementgadoliniumihe skeleton organic na-adabere na igwe na-eme ka ha dakọtara na polyethylene, na-akwalite ihe ndị mejupụtara ihe mejupụtara ka ha nwee ọdịnaya gadolinium dị elu na mgbasawanye gadolinium.Ọdịnaya dị elu nke gadolinium na mgbasa ga-emetụta ọrụ nchekwa neutron nke ihe mejupụtara.
Ikike patent: Hefei Institute of Material Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, mepụtara patent nke gadolinium dabeere organic kpuchie ihe mejupụtara ihe nchebe na usoro nkwadebe ya.
Patent Abstract: Gadolinium based metal organic skeleton composite shielding material bụ ihe ngwakọta mejupụtara site na ịgwakọta.gadoliniumdabere metal organic skeleton ihe na polyethylene na a arọ ruru 2:1:10 na-akpụ ya site mgbaze evaporation ma ọ bụ na-ekpo ọkụ na ịpị.Gadolinium dabere na igwe organic ọkpụkpụ mejupụtara ihe mkpuchi nwere nkwụsi ike dị elu yana ikike mkpuchi neutron ọkụ.
Usoro nrụpụta: ịhọrọ dị iche ichegadolinium metalsalts na organic ligands iji kwadebe na synthesize ụdị dị iche iche nke gadolinium dabeere metal organic skeleton ihe, na-asa ha na obere ụmụ irighiri nke methanol, ethanol, ma ọ bụ mmiri site centrifugation, na-arụ ọrụ ha na okpomọkụ dị elu n'okpuru ọnọdụ agụụ iji wepụ kpamkpam ihe fọdụrụnụ na-adịghị emezigharị akụrụngwa. na pores nke gadolinium dabeere metal organic ọkpụkpụ ihe;The gadolinium dabeere organometallic skeleton skeleton nke a kwadebere na nzọụkwụ na-akpali ya na polyethylene ude mmiri na oke ọsọ, ma ọ bụ ultrasonically, ma ọ bụ gadolinium dabeere organometallic skeleton skeleton ihe a kwadebere na nzọụkwụ na-agbaze na ultra-high molecular arọ polyethylene na elu okpomọkụ ruo mgbe ngwakọta zuru ezu;Debe ihe gadilinium agwakọta nke ọma n'ụdị ihe / ngwakọta polyethylene na ebu, wee nweta ihe nchekwa ihe nchekwa gadolinium kpụrụ akpụ site na ihicha iji kwalite evaporation ihe mgbaze ma ọ bụ ịpị ọkụ;Ihe mkpuchi gadilinium a kwadebere na-eme ka ihe mkpuchi ihe mejupụtara skeleton na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mma nke ukwuu nguzogide okpomọkụ, ihe eji arụ ọrụ, yana ikike mkpuchi neutron dị elu ma e jiri ya tụnyere ihe polyethylene dị ọcha.
Ọnọdụ mgbakwunye ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe: Gd2 (BHC) (H2O) 6, Gd (BTC) (H2O) 4 ma ọ bụ Gd (BDC) 1.5 (H2O) 2 porous kristal coordination polymer nwere gadolinium, nke enwetara site na nhazi polymerization nkeGd (NO3) 3 • 6H2O ma ọ bụ GdCl3 • 6H2Ona organic carboxylate ligand;Ogo nke gadolinium sitere na skeleton organic metal bụ 50nm-2 μm; Gadolinium dabere na ihe ọkpụkpụ organic nwere ụdị dị iche iche, gụnyere granular, mkpara, ma ọ bụ ụdị agịga.
(4) Ngwa nkeScandiumna Radiochemistry na ụlọ ọrụ nuklia
Scandium metal nwere ezigbo nkwụsi ike nke okpomọkụ yana ịrụ ọrụ mmịnye fluorine siri ike, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe dị mkpa na ụlọ ọrụ ike atọm.
Igodo patent: China Aerospace Development Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials, mepụtara patent maka aluminum zinc magnesium scandium alloy na usoro nkwadebe ya.
Patent Abstract: Aluminom zincmagnesium scandium alloyna usoro nkwadebe ya.Ngwakọta kemịkalụ na pasent dị arọ nke aluminum zinc magnesium scandium alloy bụ: Mg 1.0% -2.4%, Zn 3.5% -5.5%, Sc 0.04% -0.50%, Zr 0.04% -0.35%, adịghị ọcha Cu ≤ 0.2%, Si ≤ 0.35%, Fe ≤ 0.4%, ndị ọzọ adịghị ọcha otu ≤ 0.05%, ndị ọzọ adịghị ọcha ngụkọta ≤ 0.15%, na ndị fọdụrụ ego bụ Al.Ihe microstructure nke aluminom zinc magnesium scandium alloy ihe dị n'otu na arụmọrụ ya kwụsiri ike, yana ike ike kacha elu karịa 400MPa, ike mkpụrụ nke karịrị 350MPa, yana ike ike karịrị 370MPa maka nkwonkwo welded.Enwere ike iji ngwaahịa ndị ahụ dị ka ihe nhazi na mbara igwe, ụlọ ọrụ nuklia, ụgbọ njem, ngwa egwuregwu, ngwa agha na mpaghara ndị ọzọ.
Usoro mmepụta ihe: Nzọụkwụ 1, mgwa ihe dị ka ihe mejupụtara alloy dị n'elu;Nzọụkwụ 2: gbazee n'ime ọkụ ọkụ na okpomọkụ nke 700 ℃ ~ 780 ℃;Kwụpụ 3: Meziwanye mmiri mmiri igwe gbazere kpamkpam, ma nọgide na-enwe okpomọkụ metal n'ime oke nke 700 ℃ ~ 750 ℃ n'oge nhazi;Kwụpụ 4: Mgbe emechara ya, a ga-ahapụ ya ka ọ kwụrụ otu ebe;Nzọụkwụ 5: Mgbe n'ụzọ zuru ezu guzo, malite nkedo, na-echekwa ọkụ ọkụ n'ime nso nke 690 ℃ ~ 730 ℃, na nkedo ọsọ bụ 15-200mm / nkeji;Nzọụkwụ 6: Mee homogenization annealing ọgwụgwọ na alloy ingot na kpo oku ọkụ, na a homogenization okpomọkụ nke 400 ℃ ~ 470 ℃;Kwụpụ 7: Bee ihe ingot homogenized ma mee extrusion dị ọkụ iji mepụta profaịlụ nwere ọkpụrụkpụ mgbidi karịrị 2.0mm.N'oge extrusion usoro, billet kwesịrị ịnọgide na-enwe na okpomọkụ nke 350 ℃ ka 410 ℃;Nzọụkwụ 8: afanyekwa profaịlụ maka ngwọta quenching ọgwụgwọ, na a ngwọta okpomọkụ nke 460-480 ℃;Kwụpụ 9: Mgbe awa 72 nke ngwọta siri ike kwụsịrị, jiri aka mee ka ịka nká.The ntuziaka ike ịka nká usoro bụ: 90 ~ 110 ℃ / 24 awa + 170 ~ 180 ℃ / 5 awa, ma ọ bụ 90 ~ 110 ℃ / 24 awa + 145 ~ 155 ℃ / 10 awa.
5. Nchịkọta nyocha
N'ozuzu, a na-eji ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe eme ihe na ngwakọta nuklia na fission nuklia, ma nwee ọtụtụ nhazi patent n'ụzọ ọrụ aka dị ka X-ray excitation, plasma formation, light water reactor, transuranium, uranyl na oxide ntụ ntụ.Banyere ihe ndị na-emegharị ihe, enwere ike iji ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe dị ka ihe nrụpụta ihe nrụpụta yana ihe mkpuchi seramiiki metụtara, ihe njikwa na ihe nchebe radieshon neutron.
Oge nzipu: Mee-26-2023