Praseodymiumbụ elementrị lanthanide nke atọ kachasị na tebụl kemịkalụ nke oge, yana ụbara 9.5 ppm n'ime eriri, naanị dị ala karịa.cerium, yttrium,lanthanum, nascandium.Ọ bụ mmewere nke ise kachasị n'ụwa.Ma dị ka aha ya,praseodymiumbụ onye dị mfe ma na-achọghị mma nke ezinụlọ ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe.
CF Auer Von Welsbach chọtara praseodymium na 1885.
N'afọ 1751, onye na-ahụ maka mineral na Sweden Axel Fredrik Cronstedt chọtara nnukwu ịnweta ịnweta na mpaghara ebe a na-egwupụta akụ Bastn, bụ nke e mesịrị kpọọ aha cerite.Afọ iri atọ ka nke ahụ gasịrị, Vilhelm Hisinger dị afọ iri na ise sitere na ezinụlọ ndị nwere ogbunigwe ahụ zigara Carl Scheele sample ya, mana ọ chọpụtaghị ihe ọhụrụ ọ bụla.Na 1803, mgbe Singer ghọrọ onye na-eji oji, ọ laghachiri n'ebe a na-egwupụta ihe na J ö ns Jacob Berzelius wee kewaa oxide ọhụrụ, dwarf planet Ceres, nke ha chọpụtara afọ abụọ gara aga.Martin Heinrich Klaproth kewapụrụ Ceria n'onwe ya na Germany.
N'agbata afọ 1839 na 1843, dọkịta na-awa Sweden na onye na-ahụ maka kemist Carl Gustaf Mosander chọpụtara nacerium oxidebụ ngwakọta nke oxides.Ọ kewara abụọ oxides ọzọ, nke ọ kpọrọ lanthana na didymia “didymia” (nke pụtara “ejima” na Grik).O mebiri akụkụ ahụcerium nitratesample site n'ịkụnye ya n'ikuku, wee mesoo ya na nitric acid dilute iji nweta oxide.Ya mere, a na-akpọ ọla ndị na-emepụta oxides ndị alanthanumnapraseodymium.
N'afọ 1885, CF Auer Von Welsbach, onye Ọstrịa mepụtara thorium cerium vapor lamp gauze cover, kewapụrụ "praseodymium neodymium" nke ọma, "ejima jikọtara ọnụ", nke sitere na nnu praseodymium na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na nnu neodymium na-acha odo odo kewapụrụ wee kpebisie ike na ọ ga-abụ. ihe ọhụrụ abụọ.A na-akpọ otu "Praseodymium", nke sitere na okwu Grik prason, nke pụtara ogige akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ n'ihi na ngwọta nke mmiri nnu praseodymium ga-eweta agba akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-egbuke egbuke;Ihe nke ọzọ bụ aha "Neodymium".Nkewa nke ọma nke "ejima jikọtara ọnụ" nyeere ha aka igosipụta nkà ha n'onwe ha.
Ọla ọcha ọla, dị nro na ductile.Praseodymium nwere nhazi kristal hexagon na ụlọ okpomọkụ.Nguzogide corrosion n'ikuku siri ike karịa nke lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, na europium, ma mgbe ikuku kpugheere ya, a na-emepụta oyi akwa nke black oxide na-emebi emebi, na ihe nrịbama praseodymium dị otu centimita na-emebi kpamkpam n'ime ihe dị ka otu afọ.
Dị ka ọtụtụobere ụwa ọcha, praseodymium yikarịrị ka ọ ga-etolite steeti oxidation +3, nke bụ naanị ọnọdụ kwụsiri ike na ngwọta mmiri.Praseodymium dị na steeti oxidation +4 na ụfọdụ ogige siri ike ama ama, yana n'okpuru ọnọdụ nkewa matrix, ọ nwere ike iru ọnọdụ oxidation pụrụ iche +5 n'etiti ihe ndị lanthanide.
Aqueous praseodymium ion bụ chartreuse, na ọtụtụ ojiji ụlọ ọrụ praseodymium na-agụnye ike ya nzacha ìhè edo edo na isi mmalite ọkụ.
Praseodymium eletrọnịkị okirikiri nhọrọ ukwuu
Mgbapụta eletrọnịkị:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p66s2 4f3
A haziri elektrọn 59 nke praseodymium ka [Xe] 4f36s2.N'ụzọ doro anya, enwere ike iji electrons dị n'èzí ise dị ka valence eletrọn, mana iji ihe elektrọn ise dị n'èzí chọrọ ọnọdụ dị oke egwu.Na mkpokọta, praseodymium na-ewepụta naanị elektrọn atọ ma ọ bụ anọ n'ime ogige ya.Praseodymium bụ ihe mbụ lanthanide nwere nhazi eletrọnịkị nke kwekọrọ n'ụkpụrụ Aufbau.Orbital 4f ya nwere ike dị ala karịa 5d orbital, nke na-adabaghị na lanthanum na cerium, n'ihi na nkwekọ na mberede nke 4f orbital anaghị eme ruo mgbe lanthanum gachara ma ezughi oke iji zere ibunye shei 5d na cerium.Ka o sina dị, praseodymium siri ike na-egosipụta nhazi [Xe] 4f25d16s2, ebe otu elektrọn na shea 5d yiri ihe ndị ọzọ trivalent lanthanide (ma ewezuga europium na ytterbium, nke dị iche na steeti ọla).
Dị ka ọtụtụ ihe ndị lanthanide, praseodymium na-ejikarị naanị electrons atọ dị ka valence electron, na electrons 4f fọdụrụ na-enwe mmetụta siri ike: nke a bụ n'ihi na 4f orbit na-agafe na inert xenon core nke electron iji rute nucleus, na-esote 5d na 6s. , ma na-abawanye na mmụba nke ụgwọ ionic.Otú ọ dị, praseodymium ka nwere ike ịnọgide na-atụfu nke anọ na ọbụna mgbe ụfọdụ nke ise valence eletrọn, n'ihi na ọ na-egosi nnọọ n'oge na lanthanide usoro, ebe nuclear ụgwọ bụ ka ala ezuru, na 4f subshell ike dị elu iji kwe ka mwepụ nke. ọzọ valence eletrọn.
Praseodymium na ihe niile lanthanide (belụsọlanthanum, ytterbiumnalutium, enweghị unpaired 4f electrons) bụ paramagnetism na ụlọ okpomọkụ.N'adịghị ka ọla ndị ọzọ na-adịghị ahụkebe nke na-egosipụta iwu antiferromagnetic ma ọ bụ ferromagnetic na obere okpomọkụ, praseodymium bụ paramagnetism na okpomọkụ niile dị elu karịa 1K.
Ngwa nke Praseodymium
A na-ejikarị Praseodymium n'ụdị ụwa agwakọta dị ụkọ, dị ka ihe na-eme ka ọ dị ọcha ma na-agbanwe maka ihe ọla, ihe na-akpata kemịkalụ, ala ugbo na-adịghị ahụkebe, na ndị ọzọ.Praseodymium neodymiumbụ ihe kacha yitere na siri ike ikewapụ ụzọ abụọ dị ụkọ n'ụwa, nke siri ike ikewa site na usoro kemịkal.Mmepụta ụlọ ọrụ na-ejikarị mmịpụta na ụzọ mgbanwe ion.Ọ bụrụ na a na-eji ha abụọ abụọ n'ụdị praseodymium neodymium bara ụba, enwere ike iji ya mee ihe n'ụzọ zuru ezu, ọnụahịa ahụ dịkwa ọnụ ala karịa ngwaahịa mmewere otu.
Praseodymium neodymium alloy(praseodymium neodymium metal)aghọwo ngwaahịa nọọrọ onwe ya, nke a pụrụ iji mee ihe dị ka ma ihe ndọta na-adịgide adịgide yana ihe mgbakwunye mgbanwe maka alloys metal na-abụghị ígwè.Enwere ike imeziwanye ihe omume, nhọrọ na nkwụsi ike nke ihe na-agbawa mmanụ ala site na ịgbakwụnye praseodymium neodymium n'ime Y zeolite molecular sieve.Dị ka ihe mgbakwunye rọba mgbanwe mgbanwe, ịgbakwụnye praseodymium neodymium enrichment na polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) nwere ike imeziwanye nguzogide eyi nke PTFE.
Ụwa dị ụkọIhe ndọta na-adịgide adịgide bụ ubi kachasị ewu ewu nke ngwa ụwa dị ụkọ taa.Praseodymium naanị abụghị ihe pụtara ìhè dị ka ihe ndọta na-adịgide adịgide, mana ọ bụ mmewere synergistic mara mma nke nwere ike melite akụrụngwa magnetik.Ịgbakwunye praseodymium kwesịrị ekwesị nwere ike imeziwanye arụmọrụ nke ihe ndọta na-adịgide adịgide.Ọ nwekwara ike melite arụmọrụ antioxidant (ikuku nguzogide corrosion) na ihe eji arụ ọrụ nke ndọta, ma ejirila ya na ngwa eletrọnịkị dị iche iche na moto.
Enwere ike iji Praseodymium maka egweri na ihe nchacha.Dị ka anyị niile maara, cerium dị ọcha ntụ ntụ polishing na-abụkarị odo odo, nke bụ ihe na-egbuke egbuke maka iko anya, ma dochie ígwè oxide red ntụ ntụ nke nwere obere polishing arụmọrụ na-emerụ gburugburu mmepụta.Ndị mmadụ achọpụtala na praseodymium nwere ezigbo ihe nchacha.Uzuzu uzuzu na-adịghị ahụkebe nke nwere praseodymium ga-apụta na agba aja aja na-acha ọbara ọbara, nke a makwaara dị ka “ụtụ uhie uhie”, mana ụcha ọbara ọbara a abụghị iron oxide red, mana n'ihi ọnụnọ praseodymium oxide, agba nke ntụ ntụ ntụ na-adịghị ahụkebe na-agba ọchịchịrị.Ejikwa Praseodymium dị ka ihe egweri ọhụrụ iji mee wiilịgharị corundum nwere praseodymium.E jiri ya tụnyere alumina na-acha ọcha, arụmọrụ na ịdịte aka nwere ike imeziwanye ihe karịrị 30% mgbe ị na-egwe ihe nchara carbon, igwe anaghị agba nchara, na alloys okpomọkụ dị elu.Iji belata ọnụ ahịa, praseodymium neodymium emeju ihe ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe dị ka akụrụngwa n'oge gara aga, ya mere aha ya bụ praseodymium neodymium corundum grinding wheel.
A na-eji kristal silicate nke nwere praseodymium ion mee ka ọ kwụsịlata ọkụ ọkụ ruo ọtụtụ narị mita kwa nkeji.
Ịtinye praseodymium oxide na zirconium silicate ga-atụgharị odo na-egbuke egbuke ma nwee ike iji ya dị ka pigmenti seramiiki - praseodymium odo.A na-ahụta Praseodymium yellow (Zr02-Pr6Oll-Si02) dị ka pigmenti seramiiki edo edo kacha mma, nke na-adịgide ruo 1000 ℃ ma nwee ike iji ya mee otu oge ma ọ bụ nrụgharị ọkụ.
A na-ejikwa Praseodymium dị ka agba agba iko, nwere agba mara mma yana nnukwu ahịa nwere ike.Enwere ike imepụta ngwaahịa iko akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ Praseodymium nwere agba akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-egbuke egbuke na scallion, nke enwere ike iji mepụta ihe nzacha ndụ ndụ yana kwa maka nka nka na iko nka.Ịtinye praseodymium oxide na cerium oxide na iko a nwere ike iji dị ka enyo maka ịgbado ọkụ.Praseodymium sulfide nwekwara ike iji dị ka agba aja aja.
Oge nzipu: Mee-29-2023