Terbiumbụ nke udi nke arọala na-adịghị ahụkebe, nke nwere ụbara dị ala na eriri ụwa na naanị 1.1 ppm.Terbium oxide bụ ihe na-erughị 0.01% nke ụwa niile na-adịghị ahụkebe.Ọbụlagodi n'ụdị yttrium ion dị elu nke nwere nnukwu ihe dị elu nke terbium, ọdịnaya terbium bụ naanị 1.1-1.2% nke mkpokọta ụwa niile na-adịghị ahụkebe, na-egosi na ọ bụ akụkụ “mara mma” nke ihe ndị dị ụkọ n'ụwa.Ruo ihe karịrị 100 afọ kemgbe achọpụtara terbium na 1843, ụkọ ya na uru ya egbochila itinye ya n'ọrụ ruo ogologo oge.Ọ bụ naanị n'ime afọ 30 gara aga ka terbium gosipụtara talent ya pụrụ iche.
Ịchọpụta akụkọ ihe mere eme
Ọkà mmụta ọgwụ onye Sweden bụ́ Carl Gustaf Mosander chọtara terbium na 1843. Ọ chọtara adịghị ọcha ya na ya.Yttrium (III) oxidenaY2O3.Aha Yttrium bụ obodo Ytterby dị na Sweden.Tupu mmalite nke teknụzụ mgbanwe ion, terbium anọghị n'ụdị ya dị ọcha.
Mosant buru ụzọ kewaa Yttrium(III) oxide ụzọ atọ, aha ha niile n'aha ores: Yttrium(III) oxide,Erbium (III) oxide, na terbium oxide.Ihe mejupụtara Terbium oxide bụ akụkụ pink, n'ihi mmewere nke a maara ugbu a dị ka erbium."Erbium (III) oxide" (gụnyere ihe anyị na-akpọ terbium ugbu a) bụ akụkụ nke enweghị agba na ngwọta.A na-ewere oxide na-adịghị edozi nke mmewere a na-acha aja aja.
Ndị ọrụ mechara nwee ike ịhụ ntakịrị “Erbium(III) oxide” na-enweghị agba, mana enweghị ike ileghara akụkụ pink soluble anya.Arụmụka gbasara ịdị adị nke Erbium (III) oxide ebilitela ugboro ugboro.Na ọgba aghara ahụ, a gbanwere aha mbụ ahụ na mgbanwe nke aha na-arapara n'ahụ, n'ihi ya, e mesịrị kwuo akụkụ pink dị ka ngwọta nwere erbium (na ngwọta, ọ bụ pink).A kwenyere ugbu a na ndị ọrụ na-eji sodium bisulfate ma ọ bụ potassium sulfate na-ewereCerium (IV) oxidesite na Yttrium(III) oxide wee tụgharịa terbium n'amaghị ama ka ọ bụrụ sedimenti nwere cerium.Naanị ihe dịka 1% nke mbụ Yttrium (III) oxide, nke a na-akpọ ugbu a dị ka "terbium", ezuru iji nyefee ụcha odo na Yttrium (III) oxide.Ya mere, terbium bụ akụkụ nke abụọ nke nwere ya na mbụ, ndị agbata obi ya na-achịkwa ya, gadolinium na dysprosium.
Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, mgbe ọ bụla e kewapụrụ ihe ndị ọzọ dị ụkọ n'ụwa site na ngwakọta a, n'agbanyeghị oke oxide, aha terbium na-edobe ruo n'ikpeazụ, a na-enweta oxide aja aja nke terbium n'ụdị dị ọcha.Ndị na-eme nchọpụta na narị afọ nke 19 ejighị ultraviolet fluorescence technology iji hụ na-acha odo odo ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nodules (III), na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe ka a mata terbium na ngwakọta ma ọ bụ ngwọta siri ike.
Nhazi elektrọn
Nhazi eletrọn:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f9
Nhazi Electron nke terbium bụ [Xe] 6s24f9.Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, ọ bụ naanị elektrọn atọ ka enwere ike iwepụ tupu ụgwọ nuklia abawanye nke ukwuu ka ionized ọzọ, mana n'ihe banyere terbium, terbium nke ọkara jupụtara na-enye ohere ka eletrọn nke anọ dịkwuo ionized n'ihu oxidants siri ike dị ka fluorine gas.
Terbium bụ ọla ọcha na-acha ọcha na-adịghị ahụkebe ụwa nke nwere ductility, ike na ịdị nro nke enwere ike iji mma bee.Ebe mgbaze 1360 ℃, esi esi 3123 ℃, njupụta 8229 4kg/m3.E jiri ya tụnyere Lanthanide mbụ, ọ kwụsiri ike na ikuku.Dị ka ihe nke itoolu nke Lanthanide, terbium bụ ígwè nwere ọkụ eletrik siri ike.Ọ na-eji mmiri emeghachi omume iji mepụta hydrogen.
N'okike, terbium ahụbeghị ka ọ bụrụ mmewere efu, obere nke dị na phosphocerium thorium ájá na Gadolinite.Terbium na ihe ndị ọzọ na-adịghị ahụkebe n'ụwa na-ebikọ ọnụ na ájá monazite, yana ọdịnaya terbium n'ozuzu ya bụ 0.03%.Ebe ndị ọzọ bụ Xenotime na ọla edo na-adịghị ahụkebe, nke abụọ bụ ngwakọta nke oxides ma nwee ihe ruru 1% terbium.
Ngwa
Ngwa nke terbium na-agụnyekarị mpaghara teknụzụ dị elu, nke bụ teknụzụ kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ na ihe ọmụma kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ ọrụ, yana ọrụ nwere nnukwu uru akụ na ụba, nwere atụmanya mmepe mara mma.
Mpaghara ngwa ngwa gụnyere:
(1) A na-eji ya n'ụdị agwakọta obere ụwa.Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-eji ya dị ka fatịlaịza ngwakọta ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe na ntinye nri maka ọrụ ugbo.
(2) Activator maka akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ ntụ ntụ na atọ isi fluorescent powders.Ngwa ngwa optoelectronic nke oge a chọrọ iji agba atọ bụ isi nke phosphor, ya bụ ọbara ọbara, akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, na acha anụnụ anụnụ, nke enwere ike iji mepụta agba dị iche iche.Na terbium bụ ihe dị mkpa dị mkpa n'ọtụtụ ntụ ntụ na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ dị elu.
(3) Ejiri ya dị ka ihe nchekwa ihe anya magneto.Amorphous metal terbium mgbanwe metal alloy mkpa ihe nkiri ejirila rụpụta diski magneto-optical diski arụ ọrụ dị elu.
(4) Imepụta magneto optical glass.Iko ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe nke Faraday nwere terbium bụ ihe dị mkpa maka imepụta rotators, ndị na-ekewapụta, na ndị na-ekesa na teknụzụ laser.
(5) Mmepe na mmepe nke terbium dysprosium ferromagnetostrictive alloy (TerFenol) emeghewo ngwa ọhụrụ maka terbium.
Maka ọrụ ugbo na ịzụ anụmanụ
Terbium ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe nwere ike imeziwanye ogo ihe ọkụkụ ma mee ka ọnụ ọgụgụ nke photosynthesis dịkwuo elu n'ime oke ịta ahụhụ.Terbium complexes nwere nnukwu ọrụ ndu.Ogwu ternary nke terbium, Tb (Ala) 3BenIm (ClO4) 3 · 3H2O, nwere ezigbo antibacterial na bactericidal mmetụta na Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis na Escherichia coli.Ha nwere nnukwu nje bacteria.Ọmụmụ nke ogige ndị dị otú ahụ na-enye ntụziaka nyocha ọhụrụ maka ọgwụ nje bacteria nke oge a.
Ejiri ya n'ọhịa nke luminescence
Ngwa ngwa optoelectronic nke oge a chọrọ iji agba atọ bụ isi nke phosphor, ya bụ ọbara ọbara, akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, na acha anụnụ anụnụ, nke enwere ike iji mepụta agba dị iche iche.Na terbium bụ ihe dị mkpa dị mkpa n'ọtụtụ ntụ ntụ na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ dị elu.Ọ bụrụ na ọmụmụ nke ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe TV na-acha uhie uhie fluorescent ntụ ntụ kpalitere ọchịchọ yttrium na europium, mgbe ahụ ngwa na mmepe nke terbium akwalitewo ngwa na mmepe nke terbium site na obere ụwa atọ bụ isi agba green fluorescent ntụ ntụ maka oriọna.Na mbido 1980s, Philips chepụtara oriọna fluorescent mbụ kọmpat na-azọpụta ike ma kwalite ya ngwa ngwa n'ụwa niile.Tb3+ ions nwere ike na-ebunye ọkụ ndụ ndụ na ogologo nke 545nm, na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụwa niile phosphors na-adịghị ahụkebe na-eji terbium dị ka onye na-eme ihe.
The green phosphor maka agba TV cathode ray tube (CRT) na-adabere mgbe niile na Zinc sulfide, nke dị ọnụ ala ma na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ma terbium ntụ ntụ na-eji mgbe niile dị ka green phosphor maka projection agba TV, gụnyere Y2SiO5 ∶ Tb3+, Y3 ( Al, Ga) 5O12 ∶ Tb3+na LaOBr ∶ Tb3+.Site na mmepe nke nnukwu onyonyo onyonyo dị elu (HDTV), a na-emepụtakwa ntụ ntụ na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ dị elu maka CRT.Dịka ọmụmaatụ, e mepụtala ngwakọ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ fluorescent ntụ ntụ na mba ofesi, nke gụnyere Y3 (Al, Ga) 5O12: Tb3+, LaOCl: Tb3+, na Y2SiO5: Tb3+, nke nwere ezigbo luminescence arụmọrụ na njupụta dị ugbu a.
Uzuzu fluorescent X-ray ọdịnala bụ calcium tungstate.N'afọ ndị 1970 na 1980, e mepụtara phosphor ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe maka enyo na-amụbawanye, dị ka terbium activated sulfur Lanthanum oxide, terbium activated bromine Lanthanum oxide (maka akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ enyo), terbium activated sulfur Yttrium (III) oxide na calcium Tungstate, wdg. obere fluorescent ntụ ntụ nwere ike belata oge X-ray irradiation maka ndị ọrịa site na 80%, meziwanye mkpebi nke ihe nkiri X-ray, gbasaa ndụ nke tubes X-ray, ma belata oriri ume.A na-ejikwa Terbium dị ka onye na-arụ ọrụ ntụ ntụ fluorescent maka ihuenyo nkwalite X-ray ahụike, nke nwere ike imeziwanye nghọta nke ntụgharị X-ray n'ime ihe oyiyi anya, na-eme ka ihe nkiri X-ray pụta ìhè, ma na-ebelata ikpughe nke X-ray. ụzarị ọkụ na ahụ mmadụ (karịa 50%).
A na-ejikwa Terbium dị ka onye na-eme ihe na-acha ọcha LED phosphor nwere ọkụ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ maka ọkụ semiconductor ọhụrụ.Enwere ike iji ya na-emepụta terbium aluminum magneto optical crystal phosphor, na-eji diodes na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-egbuke egbuke dị ka ihe ọkụ ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ, na ọkụ ọkụ na-emepụta na-ejikọta ya na ọkụ ọkụ ọkụ na-emepụta ọkụ dị ọcha.
Ihe electroluminescent mere nke terbium na-agụnye Zinc sulfide green phosphor yana terbium dị ka activator.N'okpuru ultraviolet irradiation, organic complexes nke terbium nwere ike na-ekupụta ike green fluorescence na ike ga-eji dị ka mkpa film electroluminescent ihe.Ọ bụ ezie na e nweela ọganihu dị ịrịba ama na ọmụmụ ihe nkiri na-adịghị ahụkebe organic mgbagwoju anya electroluminescent mkpa fim, a ka nwere ọdịiche ụfọdụ site na ịdị irè, na nyocha na ụwa organic mgbagwoju anya electroluminescent mkpa fim na ngwaọrụ ka na omimi.
A na-ejikwa njirimara fluorescence nke terbium mee ihe dị ka nyocha fluorescence.Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ejiri Ofloxacin terbium (Tb3+) nyocha fluorescence iji mụọ mmekọrịta dị n'etiti Ofloxacin terbium (Tb3+) complex na DNA (DNA) site na ụdị fluorescence spectrum na absorption spectrum, na-egosi na Ofloxacin Tb3+ probe nwere ike ịmepụta oghere na-ejikọta ya na ụmụ irighiri DNA. na DNA nwere ike ịkwalite fluorescence nke Ofloxacin Tb3 + sistem.Dabere na mgbanwe a, DNA nwere ike ikpebi.
Maka ngwa anya magneto
Ihe ndị nwere mmetụta Faraday, nke a makwaara dị ka ihe magneto-optical, na-ejikarị na lasers na ngwaọrụ ndị ọzọ anya.E nwere ụdị ihe abụọ a na-ahụkarị nke magneto: magneto optical crystals na magneto optical glass.N'ime ha, kristal magneto-optical (dị ka Yttrium iron garnet na terbium gallium garnet) nwere uru nke ugboro ole na-arụ ọrụ na-agbanwe agbanwe na nkwụsi ike dị elu, ma ha dị oke ọnụ ma sie ike ịmepụta.Na mgbakwunye, ọtụtụ kristal magneto-optical nwere akụkụ ntụgharị Faraday dị elu nwere nnabata dị elu na oke ebili mmiri dị mkpụmkpụ, nke na-egbochi ojiji ha.E jiri ya tụnyere magneto optical crystals, magneto optical glass nwere uru nke nnyefe dị elu ma dị mfe ịme ka ọ bụrụ nnukwu ngọngọ ma ọ bụ eriri.Ka ọ dị ugbu a, iko magneto-optical nwere mmetụta Faraday dị elu bụ enyo enyo doped ion na-adịghị ahụkebe.
A na-eji maka ihe nchekwa anya magneto
N'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, site na mmepe ngwa ngwa nke mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi na akpaaka ụlọ ọrụ, ọchịchọ maka diski ike magnetik ọhụrụ na-abawanye.Amorphous metal terbium mgbanwe metal alloy ihe nkiri ejirila rụpụta diski magneto-optical diski arụ ọrụ dị elu.N'ime ha, ihe nkiri TbFeCo alloy thin film nwere arụmọrụ kacha mma.Terbium dabeere na magneto-optical ihe na-emepụta na nnukwu ọnụ ọgụgụ, na magneto-optical discs mere na ha na-eji dị ka ihe nchekwa kọmputa, na ike nchekwa na-abawanye site 10-15 ugboro.Ha nwere uru nke nnukwu ikike na ngwa ngwa ịnweta ọsọ ọsọ, enwere ike ihichapụ ma kpuchie ọtụtụ iri puku ugboro mgbe ejiri ya maka diski ngwa anya dị elu.Ha bụ ihe dị mkpa na teknụzụ nchekwa ozi eletrọnịkị.Ihe magneto-optical a na-ejikarị eme ihe na eriri infrared a na-ahụ anya na nso nso bụ Terbium Gallium Garnet (TGG) otu kristal, nke bụ ihe kacha mma magneto-optical maka ịme Faraday rotators na isolators.
Maka enyo anya magneto
Faraday magneto optical glass nwere ezigbo nghọta na isotropy na mpaghara a na-ahụ anya na infrared, ma nwee ike ịmepụta ụdị mgbagwoju anya dị iche iche.Ọ dị mfe ịmepụta ngwaahịa buru ibu ma nwee ike ịdọrọ ya n'ime eriri anya.Ya mere, ọ nwere atụmanya ngwa sara mbara na ngwaọrụ magneto ngwa anya dị ka magneto optical isolators, magneto optical modulators, na eriri optic ugbu a sensọ.N'ihi nnukwu oge magnetik ya na obere ọnụọgụ nnabata na nso a na-ahụ anya na infrared, Tb3+ion aghọwo ion ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe na enyo anya magneto.
Terbium dysprosium ferromagnetostrictive alloy
Na njedebe nke narị afọ nke 20, na mmụba nke mgbanwe sayensị na teknụzụ nke ụwa, ihe eji etinyere ụwa ọhụrụ na-adịghị ahụkebe na-apụta ngwa ngwa.Na 1984, Iowa State University nke United States, Ames Laboratory nke United States Department of Energy nke United States na US Navy Surface Weapons Research Center (ndị isi ọrụ nke American Edge Technology Company (ET REMA) mechara guzobe. etiti) jikọtara ọnụ mepụta ihe ọhụrụ ụwa dị ụkọ, ya bụ terbium dysprosium iron nnukwu magnetostrictive ihe.Ihe ọhụrụ Smart a nwere njirimara mara mma nke na-agbanwe ike eletrik ngwa ngwa ka ọ bụrụ ike igwe.A na-ahazi ndị transducers nke dị n'okpuru mmiri na electro-acoustic nke nnukwu ihe magnetostrictive a na-eme nke ọma na ngwá ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri, ndị na-ekwu okwu ọma nke mmanụ, ụzụ na usoro njikwa mkpọtụ, na nchọpụta oké osimiri na usoro nkwurịta okwu n'okpuru ala.Ya mere, ozugbo amuru terbium dysprosium iron nnukwu ihe magnetostrictive, ọ nwetara nlebara anya zuru oke site na mba ndị mepere emepe gburugburu ụwa.Edge Teknụzụ dị na United States malitere imepụta terbium dysprosium iron ibu magnetostrictive ihe na 1989 wee kpọọ ha Terfenol D. E mesịa, Sweden, Japan, Russia, United Kingdom, na Australia mekwara terbium dysprosium iron nnukwu magnetostrictive ihe.
Site n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmepe nke ihe a na United States, ma mmepụta nke ihe na ngwa ngwa monopolistic mbụ ya metụtara ụlọ ọrụ agha (dị ka ndị agha mmiri).Ọ bụ ezie na ndị agha China na ngalaba nchekwa na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-ewusi nghọta ha banyere ihe a.Agbanyeghị, mgbe ike mba China gbagoro nke ọma, ihe achọrọ maka ịghọta atụmatụ asọmpi ndị agha na narị afọ nke 21 na imeziwanye ọkwa akụrụngwa ga-adị ngwa ngwa.Ya mere, ojiji nke terbium dysprosium iron nnukwu magnetostrictive ihe ndị agha na ngalaba nchekwa mba ga-abụ ihe dị mkpa n'akụkọ ihe mere eme.
Na nkenke, ọtụtụ ihe magburu onwe ya nke terbium na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe dị mkpa nke ọtụtụ ihe na-arụ ọrụ na ọnọdụ na-enweghị atụ na mpaghara ngwa ụfọdụ.Otú ọ dị, n'ihi ọnụ ahịa terbium dị elu, ndị mmadụ na-amụ otú ha ga-esi zere na ibelata ojiji nke terbium iji belata ụgwọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe.Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ihe magneto-optical nke ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe kwesịkwara iji dysprosium iron cobalt ma ọ bụ gadolinium terbium cobalt dị ọnụ ala dị ka o kwere mee;Gbalịa ibelata ọdịnaya nke terbium na ntụ ntụ fluorescent ndụ ndụ nke a ga-ejirịrị.Ọnụ ahịa aghọwo ihe dị mkpa na-egbochi iji terbium eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe.Ma ọtụtụ ihe na-arụ ọrụ enweghị ike ime na-enweghị ya, ya mere, anyị ga-agbaso ụkpụrụ nke "iji ezigbo ígwè na agụba" ma gbalịa ịchekwa iji terbium dị ka o kwere mee.
Oge nzipu: Jul-05-2023