Okwu mmalite maka teknụzụ mmepụta ụwa dị ụkọ
·Obere ụwa is bụghị a dara mmewere, ma a mkpokọta okwu maka 15 obere ụwa ọcha nayttriumnascandium.Ya mere, ihe dị iche iche nke ụwa 17 na-adịghị ahụkebe na ogige ha dị iche iche nwere ojiji dị iche iche, sitere na chlorides nwere ịdị ọcha nke 46% ruo otu obere ụwa oxides naobere ụwa ọlana ịdị ọcha nke 99.9999%.Na mgbakwunye na ogige ndị metụtara ya na ngwakọta, enwere ọtụtụ ngwaahịa ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe.Yabụ,obere ụwateknụzụ dịkwa iche iche dabere na ọdịiche nke ihe iri na asaa ndị a.Otú ọ dị, n'ihi na eziokwu na obere ụwa ọcha nwere ike kewaa cerium nayttriumOtu dị iche iche dabere na njirimara ịnweta, ngwuputa ihe, mgbaze, na usoro nkewa nke mineral ndị dị ụkọ n'ụwa dịkwa n'otu.Malite na ngwuputa ọla mbụ, a ga-ewebata usoro nkewa, usoro ịgbaze, ụzọ mmịpụta, na usoro nchacha nke ala dị ụkọ n'otu n'otu.
Nhazi mineral nke ala dị ụkọ
· Nhazi nke ịnweta bụ usoro nhazi igwe nke na-eji ọdịiche dị n'ime ahụ na kemịkal dị n'etiti mineral dị iche iche mejupụtara ọla, na-eji ụzọ uru, usoro na akụrụngwa dị iche iche na-eme ka mineral bara uru na ọla, wepụ ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ, ma kewaa ha. sitere na mineral gangue.
· N'imeobere ụwaore mined n'ụwa nile, ọdịnaya nkeobere ụwa oxidesbụ naanị ole na ole pasent, na ụfọdụ ọbụna ala.Iji mezuo ihe mmepụta chọrọ nke agbaze,obere ụwaA na-ekewapụta mineral na mineral gangue na mineral ndị ọzọ bara uru site n'erite uru tupu agbaze, iji mee ka ọdịnaya nke oxides ụwa dị ụkọ wee nweta ihe mgbakwasị ụkwụ na-adịghị ahụkebe nke nwere ike izute ihe achọrọ nke metallurgy ụwa.Uru nke orres ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe n'ozuzu na-anabata usoro flotation, na-agbakwunyekarị site na otutu ngwakọta nke ike ndọda na nkewa magnetị iji mepụta usoro ịba uru.
Nkeobere ụwaNkwụnye ego na Baiyunebo Mine na Mongolia nke ime bụ ụdị nkwụnye ego carbonate nke iron dolomite, nke mejupụtara ya na mineral ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe na ígwè ígwè (na mgbakwunye na fluorocarbon cerium ore na monazite, enwerekwa ọtụtụ.niobiumnaobere ụwamineral).
Ore a na-amịpụta nwere ihe dị ka 30% ígwè na ihe dị ka 5% oxides ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe. Mgbe ọ gwepịara nnukwu ọla dị na ogbunigwe ahụ, a na-ebu ya ụgbọ okporo ígwè gaa na ụlọ ọrụ bara uru nke Baotou Iron and Steel Group Company.Ọrụ nke osisi na-erite uru bụ ịbawanye ụbaFe2O3site na 33% ruo n'elu 55%, nke mbụ na-egweri na grading na igwe ihe igwe conical, wee họrọ ihe ntinye ígwè bụ isi nke 62-65% Fe2O3 (ígwè oxide) na-eji cylindrical magnetik separator.Ọdụdọ ahụ na-aga n'ihu na-efegharị na nkewa ndọta iji nweta ntụtụ ígwè nke abụọ nwere ihe karịrị 45%Fe2O3(iron oxide).A na-eme ka ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe na ụfụfụ flotation, na ọkwa nke 10-15%.Enwere ike ịhọrọ itinye uche site na iji tebụl na-ama jijiji iji mepụta ntinye uche na-enweghị isi na ọdịnaya REO nke 30%.Ka emechara ya site na akụrụngwa enyemaka, enwere ike nweta ihe nlebara anya nke ụwa nwere ọdịnaya REO karịrị 60%.
Usoro nbibi nke obere ụwa itinye uche
·Ụwa dị ụkọihe ndị dị na ntinye uche n'ozuzu na-adị n'ụdị carbonates, fluorides, phosphates, oxides, ma ọ bụ silicates.A ghaghị ịgbanwe ihe ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe n'ụwa ka ọ bụrụ ogige soluble na mmiri ma ọ bụ acid inorganic site na mgbanwe kemịkalụ dị iche iche, wee malite usoro dị ka mgbasa, nkewa, ịdị ọcha, itinye uche, ma ọ bụ calcination iji mepụta ụdị agwakọta dị iche iche.obere ụwaOgige ndị dị ka agwakọta obere chloride ụwa, nke enwere ike iji dị ka ngwaahịa ma ọ bụ akụrụngwa maka ikewapụ ihe ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe ụwa.A na-akpọ usoro aobere ụwaitinye uche decomposition, makwaara dị ka tupu ọgwụgwọ.
· Enwere ọtụtụ ụzọ maka ire ereobere ụwaitinye uche, nke enwere ike kewaa ya ụzọ atọ: usoro acid, usoro alkali, na ire chlorination.Enwere ike kewaa nbibi acid gaa na hydrochloric acid decomposition, sulfuric acid decomposition, na hydrofluoric acid decomposition.Enwere ike kewaa alkali ire ere ka ọ bụrụ nbibi sodium hydroxide, mgbaze sodium hydroxide, ma ọ bụ ụzọ esi nri soda.A na-ahọrọ usoro eruba kwesịrị ekwesị dabere na ụkpụrụ nke ụdị itinye uche, njirimara ọkwa, atụmatụ ngwaahịa, ịdị mma maka mgbake na ojiji zuru oke nke ihe ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe ụwa, uru maka ịdị ọcha ọrụ na nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi, na ezi uche akụ na ụba.
N'agbanyeghị na achọpụtala ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 200 mineral ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe na nke gbasasịrị, emebeghị ka ha baa ọgaranya n'ime ebe nchekwa onwe ha na-egwupụta akụ ụlọ ọrụ n'ihi ụkọ ha.Ruo ugbu a, naanị nnwere onwe dị ụkọgermanium, selenium, natelluriumAchọpụtala ihe nkwụnye ego, ma ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nkwụnye ego adịghị nnukwu.
Agbaze nke obere ụwa
· E nwere ụzọ abụọ makaobere ụwaagbaze, hydrometallurgy na pyrometallurgy.
Usoro dum nke hydrometallurgy ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe na metal chemical metallurgy na-abụkarị na ngwọta na ihe mgbaze, dị ka ire ere nke obere ụwa itinye uche, nkewa na mmịpụta nkeobere ụwa oxides, ogige, na otu obere ụwa ọla, nke na-eji usoro nkewa kemịkalụ dị ka mmiri ozuzo, crystallization, oxidation-mbelata, ihe mgbaze, na ion mgbanwe.Usoro a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ mmịpụta ihe mgbaze organic, nke bụ usoro zuru ụwa ọnụ maka ikewapụta ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke ihe dị elu na-adị ọcha otu ụwa.Usoro hydrometallurgy dị mgbagwoju anya na ịdị ọcha ngwaahịa dị elu.Usoro a nwere ọtụtụ ngwa ngwa n'ịmepụta ngwaahịa emechara.
Usoro pyrometallurgical dị mfe ma nwee nnukwu nrụpụta.Ụwa dị ụkọpyrometallurgy tumadi gụnyere mmepụta nkeobere ala alloyssite na usoro mbelata silicothermic, imepụta ọla ma ọ bụ alloys dị ụkọ site na usoro nnu a wụrụ awụ, na mmepụta nkeobere ala alloyssite metal thermal mbelata usoro wdg.
Ihe na-emekarị nke pyrometallurgy bụ mmepụta n'okpuru ọnọdụ okpomọkụ dị elu.
Usoro mmepụta ụwa dị ụkọ
·Ụwa dị ụkọcarbonate naobere chloride ụwabụ isi ihe abụọ bụ isi ngwaahịa naobere ụwaụlọ ọrụ.N'ikwu okwu n'ozuzu, enwere usoro abụọ bụ isi ugbu a maka ịmepụta ngwaahịa abụọ a.Otu usoro bụ usoro nsị sulfuric acid gbadoro anya, usoro nke ọzọ ka a na-akpọ usoro soda caustic, nke a na-ebelata dị ka usoro soda caustic.
· Na mgbakwunye na ịbụ ugbu dị iche iche obere ụwa mineral, a ịrịba akụkụ nkeobere ụwa ọchaNa okike na-ebikọ ọnụ na apatite na phosphate rock mineral.Ngụkọta ihe ndị dị n'ụwa phosphate ore dị ihe dị ka ijeri tọn 100, yana nkeziobere ụwaọdịnaya nke 0.5 ‰.A na-eme atụmatụ na ngụkọta ego nkeobere ụwajikọtara ya na phosphate ore n'ụwa bụ 50 nde tọn.Na nzaghachi na njirimara nke alaobere ụwaọdịnaya na ọnọdụ pụrụ iche na ogbunigwe, a mụọla usoro mgbake dị iche iche ma n'ime ụlọ na nke mba ụwa, nke nwere ike kewaa n'ime ụzọ mmiri na ọkụ.Na ụzọ mmiri mmiri, enwere ike kewaa ha na usoro nitric acid, usoro hydrochloric acid, na usoro sulfuric acid dịka acids decomposition dị iche iche si dị.Enwere ụzọ dị iche iche isi nwetaghachi ala dị ụkọ site na usoro kemịkalụ phosphorous, ha niile nwere njikọ chiri anya na ụzọ nhazi nke phosphate ore.N'oge usoro mmepụta okpomọkụ, iheobere ụwaọnụego mgbake nwere ike iru 60%.
Site na iji akụrụngwa phosphate phosphate na-aga n'ihu na ngbanwe maka mmepe nke nkume phosphate dị ala, usoro sulfuric acid mmiri usoro phosphoric acid aghọwo usoro bụ isi na ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ phosphate, na mgbake nkeobere ụwa ọchana sulfuric acid mmiri usoro phosphoric acid aghọwo ebe nyocha.N'ime usoro mmepụta nke sulfuric acid wet usoro phosphoric acid, usoro nke ịchịkwa ịba ụba nke ala dị ụkọ na phosphoric acid wee jiri ihe mgbaze organic wepụ ihe ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe nwere uru karịa ụzọ ndị e mepụtara n'oge.
Usoro mmịpụta ụwa dị ụkọ
Sulfuric acid solubility
Ceriumotu (enweghị ike ime ya na salts sulfate complex salts) -lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, na promethium;
Terbiumotu (obere soluble na sulfate complex salts) -samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, naholmium;
Yttriumotu (soluble na sulfate complex salts) -yttrium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium,lutium, nascandium.
Nkewa mmịpụta
Ìhèobere ụwa(P204 mmịpụta acidity adịghị ike) -lanthanum,cerium, praseodymium,neodymium, na promethium;
Middle obere ụwa (P204 obere acidity mmịpụta)samarium,europium,gadolinium,terbium,dysprosium;
Okwu Mmalite Usoro Mwepụta
Na usoro nkewaihe ndị dị ụkọ n'ụwa,n'ihi ọdịdị anụ ahụ na kemịkalụ yiri nke ukwuu nke ihe iri na asaa, yana ọtụtụ adịghị ọcha na-eso ya.obere ụwa ọcha, usoro mmịpụta ahụ dị mgbagwoju anya ma na-ejikarị eme ihe.
Enwere ụdị usoro mmịpụta atọ: usoro nzọụkwụ site na nzọụkwụ, mgbanwe ion, na mmịpụta ihe mgbaze.
Usoro nzọụkwụ site nzọụkwụ
A na-akpọ usoro nkewa na ịdị ọcha site na iji ọdịiche dị na solubility nke ogige na ihe mgbaze na-akpọ usoro nzọụkwụ site na nzọụkwụ.Site nayttrium(Y) nalutium(Lu), otu nkewa n'etiti ihe niile na-emekarịobere ụwa ọcha, gụnyere radium nke di na nwunye Curie chọpụtara,
A na-ekewa ha niile site na iji usoro a.Usoro ọrụ nke usoro a dị mgbagwoju anya, na otu nkewa nke ihe niile dị ụkọ n'ụwa were ihe karịrị 100 afọ, na otu nkewa na ọrụ ugboro ugboro ruru 20000 ugboro.Maka ndị ọrụ kemịkalụ, ọrụ ha
Ike dị oke elu na usoro ahụ dị mgbagwoju anya.Ya mere, iji usoro a enweghị ike ịmepụta otu ụwa dị ụkọ n'ọtụtụ buru ibu.
ion mgbanwe
Akwụsịla ọrụ nyocha na ihe ndị dị ụkọ n'ụwa site na enweghị ike imepụta otuobere ụwa elementn'ọtụtụ buru ibu site na usoro nzọụkwụ.Iji nyochaa nkeobere ụwa ọchadị na ngwaahịa fission nuklia ma wepụ ihe ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe ụwa sitere na uranium na thorium, ion mgbanwe chromatography (ion mgbanwe chromatography) ka a mụrụ nke ọma, bụ nke ejiri mee ihe maka nkewa nkeobere ụwa elements.Uru nke usoro mgbanwe ion bụ na enwere ike kewaa ọtụtụ ihe n'otu ọrụ.Ọ nwekwara ike nweta ngwaahịa dị ọcha.Agbanyeghị, ọghọm ya bụ na enweghị ike ịhazi ya n'ihu, yana ogologo oge na-arụ ọrụ yana ọnụ ahịa dị elu maka nrụpụta resin na mgbanwe.Ya mere, nke a otu oge bụ isi usoro nkewa nnukwu ichekwa ụwa dị ụkọ a lara ezumike nká na mainstream nkewa usoro ma dochie ihe mgbaze usoro.Otú ọ dị, n'ihi àgwà pụtara ìhè nke ion mgbanwe chromatography na inweta elu-ọcha otu obere ụwa ngwaahịa, ugbu a, iji mepụta ultra-elu ịdị ọcha otu ngwaahịa na ikewapụ ụfọdụ arọ obere ụwa ọcha, ọ dịkwa mkpa iji ion mgbanwe chromatography. iji kewaa ma mepụta ngwaahịa ụwa dị ụkọ.
mmịpụta ihe mgbaze
Usoro nke iji ihe mgbaze organic wepụ na ikewapụ ihe a na-amịpụta na mmiri mmiri na-enweghị ike ime ka a na-akpọ mmịpụta mmiri mmiri mmiri na-edozi ahụ, nke a na-ebelata dị ka mmịpụta ihe mgbaze.Ọ bụ usoro mbufe oke na-ebufe ihe sitere na otu mmiri mmiri gaa na nke ọzọ.E tinyela usoro mmịpụta ihe mgbaze na mbụ na petrochemical, kemịkalụ organic, kemistri ọgwụ na kemịka nyocha.Otú ọ dị, n'ime afọ iri anọ gara aga, n'ihi mmepe nke atomiki ike sayensị na nkà na ụzụ, nakwa dị ka mkpa maka mmepụta nke ultrapure bekee na ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe, mmịpụta ihe mgbaze enwewo ọganihu dị ukwuu na ụlọ ọrụ dị ka ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ọkụ nuklia na metallurgy na-adịghị ahụkebe. .China enwetala ọkwa dị elu nke nyocha na tiori mmịpụta, njikọ na ngwa nke ndị na-emepụta ihe ọhụrụ, na usoro mmịpụta maka nkewa ihe dị ụkọ n'ụwa.N'iji ya tụnyere ụzọ nkewa dị ka mmiri ozuzo graded, graded crystallization, na ion mgbanwe, ihe mgbaze nwere usoro uru dị ka mmetụta nkewa dị mma, nnukwu mmepụta ikike, mma maka mmepụta ngwa ngwa na-aga n'ihu, ma dị mfe iji nweta njikwa akpaka.Ya mere, ọ na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ ghọọ isi usoro nkewa nke ukwuu ichekwaobere ụwas.
Obere ụwa ọcha
Mmepụta akụrụngwa
Ọla ụwa dị ụkọa na-ekewakarị n'ime ọla ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe agwakọta na otuobere ụwa ọla.Ngwakọta nke agwakọtaobere ụwa ọlayiri ihe mbụ ụwa na-adịghị ahụkebe na ọla, na otu metal bụ a metal kewapụrụ na nụchaa na nke ọ bụla obere ụkọ ụwa.O siri ike ibelataobere ụwa oxides (ma e wezụga oxides nkesamarium,europium,, thulium,ytterbium) n'ime otu ígwè na-eji usoro nchara nchara n'ozuzu, n'ihi oke okpomọkụ nke nhazi ha na nkwụsi ike dị elu.Ya mere, ihe ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe maka mmepụta nkeobere ụwa ọlaN'oge a bụ chlorides na fluorides.
Nnu electrolysis
The uka mmepụta nke agwakọtaobere ụwa ọlaN'ụlọ ọrụ na-ejikarị usoro nnu gbazere agbaze.E nwere ụzọ abụọ nke electrolysis: chloride electrolysis na oxide electrolysis.Usoro nkwadebe nke otuobere ụwa ọladịgasị iche dabere na mmewere.samarium,europium,,thulium,ytterbiumadịghị mma maka nkwadebe electrolytic n'ihi oke uzuoku ha, kama a na-akwado ya site na iji usoro nkwụsị mbelata.Enwere ike ịkwadebe ihe ndị ọzọ site na electrolysis ma ọ bụ usoro mbelata okpomọkụ metal.
Chloride electrolysis bụ usoro a na-ahụkarị maka imepụta ọla, ọkachasị maka ọla ụwa agwakọtara obere.Usoro a dị mfe, ọ na-efu ọnụ ma na-achọ itinye ego dị nta.Otú ọ dị, ihe ndọghachi azụ kasịnụ bụ ntọhapụ nke gas chlorine, nke na-emerụ gburugburu ebe obibi.Oxide electrolysis anaghị ahapụ ikuku ndị na-emerụ ahụ, mana ọnụ ahịa ya dị ntakịrị karịa.N'ozuzu, otu ọnụ ahịa dị eluala na-adịghị ahụkebedị kaneodymiumnapraseodymiuma na-emepụta site na iji oxide electrolysis.
Usoro mbelata ikuku electrolysis nwere ike ịkwado ọkwa ụlọ ọrụ izugbeobere ụwa ọla.Iji kwadebeobere ụwa ọlana adịghị ọcha dị ala na ịdị ọcha dị elu, a na-ejikarị usoro mbelata ikuku ikuku.Usoro a nwere ike na-emepụta niile otu obere ụwa ọla, masamarium,europium,,thulium,ytterbiumenweghị ike iji usoro a mepụta.The redox ike nkesamarium,europium,,thulium,ytterbiumna calcium na-ebelata obere akụkụobere ụwafluoride.N'ozuzu, nkwadebe nke ọla ndị a na-adabere n'ụkpụrụ nke nrụgide dị elu nke ọla ndị a na nrụgide ikuku dị ala nke.lanthanum metals.Oxydes nke anọ ndị aala na-adịghị ahụkebena-agwakọta ya na iberibe nkelanthanum metals wee tinye ya n'ime ngọngọ, ma belata n'ime ọkụ ọkụ.Lanthanumna-arụsi ọrụ ike karị, mgbesamarium,europium,,thulium,ytterbiumna-ebelata ka ọla edo sitelanthanumna anakọtara na condensation, na-eme ka ọ dị mfe ikewapụ na slag.
Oge nzipu: Nov-07-2023